2. Regents Biology Why study cells?  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies  bodies are made up of cells  cells do all the work of life!

3. Regents Biology bacteria cells Types of cells animal cells plant cells Prokaryote -no organelles -DNA but NO nucleus Eukaryotes - organelles

4. Regents Biology  What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…  “breathe” – NOT Respiration  gas exchange: O 2 in vs. CO 2 out  eat - Nutrition  take in & digest food  make energy - Respiration  ATP  build molecules Synthesis  proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids  remove wastes Excretion  control internal conditions Regulation  homeostasis  respond to external environment Regulation  build more cells Reproduction  G rowth, repair, reproduction & development The Work of Life - GRRSNERT

5. Regents Biology 1. Cells need power!  Making energy  to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…  take in food & digest it  take in oxygen (O 2 )  make ATP  remove waste  organelles that do this work…  cell membrane  lysosomes  vacuoles & vesicles  mitochondria ATP

6. Regents Biology  Function  separates cell from outside  controls what enters or leaves cell  O 2, CO 2, food, H 2 O, nutrients, waste  recognizes signals from other cells  allows communication between cells  Structure  double layer of fat  phospholipid bilayer  receptor molecules  proteins – with carb chains Cell membrane lipid “tail” phosphate “head”

7. Regents Biology Vacuoles & vesicles (small vacuoles)  Function  moving material around cell  storage  Structure  membrane sac small food particle vesicle lysosome filled w/ digestive enzymes vesicle filled w/ digested nutrients Rough ER Golgi body T

8. Regents Biology 3 Types of Vacuoles plant cells contractile vacuole pumps out excess water contractile vacuole pumps out excess water animal cells central vacuole usually filled with water central vacuole usually filled with water food vacuole several small; used for digestion, secretions, & waste food vacuole several small; used for digestion, secretions, & waste paramecium

9. Regents Biology  Function  digest food  used to make energy  clean up & recycle  digest broken organelles  OCRRA  Structure  membrane sac of digestive enzymes Lysosomes small food particle vesicle digested food lysosomes digesting broken organelles Golgi body

10. Regents Biology A Job for Lysosomes 15 weeks 6 weeks

11. Regents Biology  Function - make ATP energy from cellular Respiration  glucose + O 2  ATP  fuels the work of life  Structure  double membrane  Folds to increase surface area Mitochondria in both animal & plant cells ATP

12. Regents Biology  Mitochondria  make energy from glucose + O 2  cellular Respiration  glucose + O 2  ATP  Chloroplasts  make glucose from sunlight Photosynthesis  sunlight + CO 2  glucose  ATP = active energy – useable in R  sugar = stored energy – stored as starch  build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars cell walls - cellulose  passed along the food chain Plants make energy two ways! glucose

13. Regents Biology 2. Cells need workers = proteins!  Making proteins  to run daily life & growth, the cell must…  read genes (DNA)  build proteins – from amino acids  structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)  enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)  signals (hormones) & receptors  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  ribosomes  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Golgi apparatus Remember – it’s all about shape

14. Regents Biology Nucleus  Function  control center of cell  protects DNA  instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear membrane  with pores  nucleolus  ribosome factory  chromosomes  contain genes – made of DNA nucleolus

15. Regents Biology Ribosomes on ER “rough” Ribosomes  Function  protein factories - Synthesis  read instructions to build proteins from DNA  Structure  some free in cytoplasm  some attached to ER

16. Regents Biology  Function  works on proteins  helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them  makes membranes  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  works on proteins  smooth ER  makes membranes Endoplasmic Reticulum

17. Regents Biology transport vesicles vesicles carrying proteins  Function  finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins  like UPS headquarters  shipping & receiving department  ships proteins in vesicles  “UPS trucks”  Structure  membrane sacs Golgi Apparatus

18. Regents Biology DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle Cell membrane amino acid chain finished protein Making Proteins and Secreting them TO: nucleus

19. Regents Biology 3. Cells need to make more cells!  Making more cells  to replace, repair & grow, the cell must…  copy their DNA  make extra organelles  divide the new DNA & new organelles between 2 new “daughter” cells  organelles that do this work…  nucleus  centrioles MITOSISMITOSIS Chromosome

20. Regents Biology Centrioles  Function  help coordinate cell division  only in animal cells  Structure  one pair in each cell Each centriole moves to the “pole” during mitosis

21. Regents Biology central vacuole usually filled with water mitochondria chloroplast cell wall cellulose cell membrane Golgi apparatus nucleusendoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) lysosome Ribosomes (dots) cytoplasm mostly water nucleolus

22. Regents Biology cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondria nucleus ribosomes ER Golgi apparatus lysosomevacuole & vesicles centrioles nucleoluschromosomes