1. Cells and Cell Organelles

2. Cells and Organelles Cells are the basic “living” unit in an organism that has structure function organization Organelles are the parts within a cell that work together for the cell to function. Made up of molecules

3. The Plasma Membrane (in all cells) It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows for the passage of some things based upon ______, _______, and _____________. size charges solubility in fat

4. Fingerlike-projections from the cell’s membrane increase the surface area for better absorption or excretion Plasma Membrane’s Microvilli (animal cells)

5. Cell Wall (in plant cells and prokaryotic cells) Surrounding the, this 1. provides support 2. protects plant cells and prokaryotes plasma membrane

6. Cytoplasm (in all cells) The jelly-like fluid that holds all organelles (cell parts) within the cell

7. Hair-like projections that aide in movement Cilia are shorter, more numerous and move back & forth Flagella are longer & move in a snake-like motion. Cilia and Flagella (in all cells)

8. Nucleus and nucleolus (in eukaryotic cells) _________make ribosomes in the nucleus Nucleus holds DNA wrapped around proteins that form ________ ____________, allow things to pass into and out of the nucleus SEM of a freeze-fractured nuclear membrane TEM of nuclear pores Nucleolus chromatin Nuclear pores

9. Ribosomes: (in all cells) Function in TEM of ribosomes Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes (on ER) protein synthesis (formation) Ribosome unit free ribosomes 1.Proteins made by free ribosomes stay in the cell attached ribosomes 2.Proteins made by attached ribosomes are shipped out of the cell or sent to the membrane

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum (in eukaryotic cells) There are two types: 1. ER has ribosomes attached. Modifies & transports proteins 2. ER does not have ribosomes on it. Makes Breaks down carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs & poisons Rough Smooth lipids (fat)

11. Vesicles (in eukaryotic cells) Organelles that transport proteins from the ER to the golgi apparatus and eventually to the plasma membrane

12. Golgi Apparatus (in eukaryotic cells) _______ carrying protein from the ER move here. It sorts, packages, and ships these proteins outside the cell or to the membrane. Vesicles

13. Mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) takes place here. It is the “____________” of the cell because it creates energy called ATP using oxygen gas and sugar Cellular Respiration powerhouse

14. Chloroplasts (in plant cells) This changes energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar) in a process is called. To do this, H 2 O is also needed, and CO 2 is released. photosynthesis

15. Vacuoles (in eukaryotic cells) Large, central organelle in plants that stores water for photosynthesis In animals, it stores water, waste, and food and is small in size compared to plant vacuoles

16. The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) A cell’s internal skeleton

17. 2. Moves the organelles within the cell and helps move flagella/cilia Organelle The Cytoskeleton (in all cells) 1.Provides shape and support (skeletal)

18. Centrosome (in eukaryotic cells) and Centrioles (in animal cells only) Centrosomes (in eukaryotes) make parts of the cytoskeleton and spindle fibers that help in cell division. In animal cells, a pair of structures called (made of cytoskeleton) also help in cell division. centrioles Centrosome (halo)

19. Lysosomes (in animal cells) Special vacuole in animal cells with _________ enzymes that help clean- up the cell digestive Lysosome engulfing a worn-out organelle