1. Cytology Introduction to Cells

2. Magnification Resolution ~ 0.2  m in LM ~ 0.2 nm in EM Magnifying Power ~ 2,000x in LM ~ 2,000,000x in EM

3. Electron Microscopes Transmission EM Internal features Scanning EM Surface features EM Drawbacks Expense B&W Images Dead specimens

4. Fractionation

5. Why are cells so small?Volume The need to acquire nutrients and dispose of waste is the same with one large or many small cells. Surface Area The ability to acquire nutrients and dispose of waste is six times greater w/ small cells.

6. Plasma membrane

7. DNA Function Nuclear envelope (+ pores) Nucleolus Chromosomes and chromatin Transcription DNA  mRNA

8. Protein Synthesis Translation mRNA  polypeptide

9. ER Function Lipid synthesis Protein modification Drug detox

10. Golgi Apparatus Protein modification Packaging for export

11. Lysosomes Intracellular digestion Autophagy Intracellular digestion Autophagy

13. Mitochondria Cellular Respiration (Food  ATP) DNA + Ribosomes + division + membranes

14. Chloroplasts Photosynthesis (Light  Food) DNA + Ribosomes + division + membranes

15. Vacuoles Membrane sacs Food vacuole Contractile vacuole Pumps excess water out of cells