1. AC 4304 Financial Reporting Theory Hong Kong Should Regulate More Transparency Dennis Kwok (50189955) Nicolas Wong (50185380) Wilson Wong (50189236)

2. Introduction Regulate towards more transparency does not mean more useful information is provided Beneficial to companies?

3. Introduction Companies lose competitive advantages High uncertainties and misleading for expectations Disclose more  Cost higher

4. Introduction Ethical problems Managers intense to manipulate accounts Extra and redundant audit work is needed Public will doubt the present regulations: trust and credibility

5. Our Standpoint Voluntary disclosureRegulation

6. Competitive advantages Even strong companies do not willing to disclose too much: –For flexibility: companies can change their strategies easily

7. Loss competitive advantages Competitors can set: –Lower cost –Lower price –More favor promotion –Similar strategy Potential competitors can: –Lower cost of suppliers –licensed –More focus on targeted customers

8. Loss competitive advantages Hostile takeover may exist Outsiders recognize the risk and return of companies Companies may lose controlling power Who protect minority interests?

9. Loss competitive advantages Example: Cheung Kong Holdings acquired Hutchison Whampoa Hutchison Whampoa could not afford the financial costs Hutchison Whampoa owned plants and docks which is valuable

10. Uncertain expectations Strategies can be changed –E.g. Dr. Ho in Macau Operating environment may be changed Earnings cannot be sure Conclusion: not reliable and misleading

11. Everything is money!! Information disclose increase Management prepare more disclosure Auditors’ work done and time cost increase Administration cost increase Audit fee increase Company’s burden increase

12. Ethical issue For ethical & responsible management: –Disclose information which is significant for outsiders’ decision making in voluntary basis For unethical management: –Even forced to disclose by regulation, reliability of disclosure is doubtful –Private-interest Theory

13. Ethical issue For ethical & responsible management: –Disclose information which is significant for outsiders’ decision making in voluntary basis For unethical management: –Even forced to disclose by regulation, reliability of disclosure is doubtful –Private-interest Theory

14. Private-interest Theory George Stigler (1971) Regulatory activities reflect relative political power between interest groups Interest group (e.g. business executives) rationally self-interested Politicians seek to maximize their chance of future electoral success

15. Private-interest Theory Business executivesPoliticians Electoral contribution Consideration in establishing regulations Regulations bias to business executives’ interest

16. Usefulness of disclosure Users would have expectations on the company’s performance after considering the information in the disclosures

17. Usefulness of disclosure High expectation: –Increase management’s pressure –May have intention to manipulate Low expectation: –Affect investors’ & creditors’ willingness to invest and grant loan to company –Disclosure is not fairly represent the expectation and situation of management  still useful?

18. Social Responsibility Hide the bad news? Income warning –Responsible to social and shareholders –Lower impact to the share price –Give confidence for the future operations of the company

19. Auditors role Auditors: act as the role of monitoring Self-regulation  use professional judgment to ensure there are no significant misstatement and misrepresentation Good self-regulatory system in HK: up to now there are not many fault cases

20. Audit efficiency If regulated  more redundant and useless information may be asked to disclose  increase auditors’ workload From 145 annual reports (1993, English version only):

21. Audit efficiency Present trend: do less redundant work, increase the audit efficiency

22. Conclusion Cost and benefit relationship: –Regulations will cost more, but make similar benefit to society as voluntary disclosures Regulations will have negative impact: –Lose of the competitive advantage –Management will have more intention to manipulate the accounts –Audit efficiency

23. Conclusion Present regulations are enough Trust of management and auditors –Management have social responsibility –Auditors are monitoring the disclosure: sufficient to prevent any misstatement or omission of any important information

24. We strongly DISAGREE that Hong Kong should regulate towards more transparency

25. Q & A