1. 19-1 Foreign Exchange Rates

2. 19-2 The Foreign Exchange Market Definitions: 1.Spot exchange rate 2.Forward exchange rate 3.Appreciation 4.Depreciation Currency appreciates, country’s goods prices  abroad and foreign goods prices  in that country 1.Makes domestic businesses less competitive 2.Benefits domestic consumers FX traded in over-the-counter market 1.Trade is in bank deposits denominated in different currencies (Note: Exchange rates are always quoted in foreign currency per dollar, i.e. euro/ $)

3. 19-3 Law of One Price Example: American steel $100 per ton, Japanese steel 10,000 yen per ton If E = 50 yen/$ then prices are: American SteelJapanese Steel In U.S.$100$200 In Japan5000 yen10,000 yen If E = 100 yen/$ then prices are: American SteelJapanese Steel In U.S.$100$100 In Japan10,000 yen10,000 yen Law of one price  E = 100 yen/$

4. 19-4 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) PPP  Domestic price level  10%, domestic currency  10% 1.Application of law of one price to price levels 2.Works in long run, not short run Problems with PPP 1.All goods not identical in both countries: Toyota vs Chevy 2.Many goods and services are not traded: e.g. haircuts

5. 19-5 PPP: U.S. and U.K

6. 19-6 Factors Affecting E in Long Run Basic Principle: If factor increases demand for domestic goods relative to foreign goods, E 

7. 19-7 Expected Returns and Interest Parity R e for FrancoisAl $ Depositsi D + (E e t+1 – E t )/E t i D Euro Depositsi F i F – (E e t+1 – E t )/E t Relative R e i D – i F + (E e t+1 – E t )/E t i D – i F + (E e t+1 – E t )/E t Interest Parity Condition: $ and Euro deposits perfect substitutes i D = i F – (E e t+1 – E t )/E t Example:if i D = 10% and expected appreciation of $, (E e t+1 – E t )/E t, = 5%  i F = 15%

8. 19-8 Deriving R F Curve Assume i F = 10%, E e t+1 = 1 euro/$ (fixed) Point A:E t = 0.95,R F =.10 – (1 – 0.95)/0.95 =.048 = 4.8% B:E t = 1.00,R F =.10 – (1 – 1.0)/1.0 =.100 =10.0% C:E t = 1.05,R F =.10 – (1 – 1.05)/1.05 =.148 = 14.8% R F curve connects these points and is upward sloping because when E t is higher, expected appreciation of F higher, R F  Deriving R D Curve Points B, D, E, R D = 10%: so curve is vertical Equilibrium R D = R F at E* If E t > E*, R F > R D, sell $, E t  If E t < E*, R F < R D, buy $, E t 

9. 19-9 Equilibrium in the Foreign Exchange Market

10. 19-10 Shifts in R F R F curve shifts right when 1.i F  : because R F  at each E t 2.E e t+1  : because expected appreciation of F  at each E t and R F  Occurs E e t+1  i F : 1) Domestic P , 2) Trade Barriers  3) Imports , 4) Exports , 5) Productivity 

11. 19-11 Shifts in R D R D shifts right when 1. i D  ; because R D  at each E t Assumes that domestic  e unchanged, so domestic real rate 

12. 19-12 Factors that Shift R F and R D

13. 19-13 Response to i  Because  e  1.  e , E e t+1 , expected appreciation of F , R F shifts out to right 2. i D , R D shifts to right However because  e  > i D , real rate , E e t+1  more than i D  R F out > R D out and E t  Note: if only real interest rate  => only R D shifts to the right and E t 

14. 19-14 Response to M s  1. M s , P , E e t+1  expected appreciation of F , R F shifts right 2. M s , i D , R D shifts left Go to point 2 and E t  3. In the long run, i D returns to old level, R D shifts back, go to point 3 and get Exchange Rate Overshooting

15. 19-15 Why Exchange Rate Volatility? 1. Expectations of Ee t+1 fluctuate (influenced by expectations of many variables) 2. Exchange rate overshooting

16. 19-16 The Dollar and Interest Rates 1.Value of $ and real rates rise and fall together, as theory predicts 2.No association between $ and nominal rates: $ falls in late 70s as nominal rate rises