1. What is your definition of apartheid?

2. What is segregation? Give an example of segregation.

3. Essential Question What is apartheid?

4. Objectives Understand South Africa’s struggle for freedom.

5. A N CA N C …frican...ational …ongress Established in 1913 Sought political rights for blacks

6. Led by... ANC began to organize nonviolent protests & boycotts 1931

7. 1948 S.A. gov’t began to further limit freedom of black Africans Gov’t launched a system of….

8. System of separating South Africa into racial groups under white control

9. - Whites - Blacks - Coloureds -Asians

10. Schools, hospitals, playgrounds & beaches were all segregated Set apart according to race

11. Who they could marry Where to go to school Where they could live What work they do

12. Blacks couldn’t own land or rent an apartment in white territory 87% of S.A Including rich diamond & gold mines

13. 1959 S.A. parliament created separate, bantustans, or homelands for blacks

14. Each ethnic group was to have its own homeland Eventually they would be self- governing

15. Homelands were poorest lands in S.A. Cheap metal & plastic (no heat, electricity, running water)

16. Blacks = 75% of pop. but only 13% of land was theirs

17. Blacks couldn’t leave homelands without a pass I don’t have a pass

18. Only blacks with jobs could get passes Families were separated

19. We have no choice in the matter! Why not speak up?!

20. Criticize the gov’t... And go to jail or house arrest (banning)

21. Books & newspapers were censored

22. Police were strong (torture was common) Whites given guns (& trained to use)

23. 1960 Hundreds of peaceful marchers met to protest pass laws Police open fire: kill 69 & injure 186

24. “Sharpeville Massacre” it isolated S.A.

25. Gov’t banned the ANC & many were jailed ANC went “underground” Formed a more militant wing….

26. Umkhonto we Sizwe: “Spear of the Nation” Turned to sabotage (blew up RR & public buildings)

27. Mandela charged with treason Sent to jail for life

28. S A S OS A S O...outh...frican …tudent …rganization 1969 Started by black university students

29. Led by... Education in S.A. must be reformed (changed) Let’s protest!

30. 1976 Police fired on students protesting use of Afrikaans in school 600 students killed

31. Biko was eventually arrested & murdered in prison

33. 1980s: Protests & Riots Reaction by S.A. gov’t = brutality

34. 9/84 - 4/85 217 Africans killed 700 Africans injured 10,000 arrested

35. S.A. became an int’l outcast ‘70: S.A. banned from Olympics ‘77: United Nations kicked S.A. out

36. 1986 U.S. imposed sanctions on S.A. Discouraged companies from doing business there

37. Elected president of S.A. 1989 I’m determined to transform S.A.

38. Mandela freed (ANC leader) 1990 ANC was unbanned

39. Parliament repeals segregation laws U.S. sanctions are lifted Pres. Bush ‘91

40. Int’l Olympic Committee lifted its 21- year ban on S.A. athletes ‘91

41. Legal barriers were gone, but economic ones weren’t We can’t afford homes Whites still have all the $$$

42. We still can’t vote! 1994: De Klerk held 1st universal elections