1.  Chapter 23~ The Evolution of Populations

2. Population genetics provides foundation for studying evolution  Microevolution –Evolutionary change on the smallest scale –A change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation  Change in the allele frequencies  How do you determine if allele frequencies are changing? –Hardy-Weinberg Theory

3. What is population genetics?  Population: a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species  Species: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring  Gene pool: the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time  Modern synthesis/neo-Darwinism –Combination of Darwin’s, Mendel’s, and many others work –“Individuals are selected, but populations evolve.”

4. Microevolution I- What is it and how does it happen?  A change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations  1- Genetic drift: changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance (usually reduces genetic variability)

5. Microevolution, II  The Bottleneck Effect: type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population (natural disaster)

6. Microevolution, III  Founder Effect: a cause of genetic drift attributable to colonization by a limited number of individuals from a parent population

7. Microevolution  2- Gene Flow: genetic exchange due to the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations (reduces differences between populations)

8. Microevolution, V  3- Mutations: a change in an organism’s DNA (gametes; many generations); original source of genetic variation (raw material for natural selection)

9. Microevolution, VI  4- Nonrandom mating: inbreeding and assortive mating (both shift frequencies of different genotypes)  5- Natural Selection: differential success in reproduction

10. How is natural selection the primary mechanism of adaptive evolution?  Causes genetic variations –Polymorphisms, geographic variation, clines  Evolutionary fitness and selection –Fitness- contribution of genes to the next generations gene pool –Relative fitness  Contribution of genotype to next generation –Basically- unless you reproduce you have not done your job!!!!!

11. Modes of Natural Selection (a) Directional selection(b) Disruptive selection(c) Stabilizing selection

12. What is sexual selection?  Natural selection for mating success  Usually causes sexual dimorphisms –Marked differences within species  Intrasexual selection selects males that best please females –Females are choosy ( for many reasons) and will usually mate with only the best of the best males

13. Fig. 23-15

14. How to you use the Hardy- Weinberg Theorem look at a population?  Serves as a model for the genetic structure of a nonevolving population (equilibrium) –Rarely if ever happens in a natural population  5 conditions: –1- Very large population size –2- No migration –3- No net mutations –4- Random mating –5- No natural selection

15. Hardy-Weinberg Equations  p=frequency of one allele (A)  q=frequency of the other allele (a) –p+q=1.0 – (p=1-q & q=1-p)  P2=frequency of AA genotype  2pq=frequency of Aa plus aA genotype;  q2=frequency of aa genotype; –p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0

16. Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes Heterozygote advantage occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes Natural selection will tend to maintain two or more alleles at that locus Natural selection will tend to maintain two or more alleles at that locus The sickle-cell allele causes mutations in hemoglobin but also confers malaria resistance The sickle-cell allele causes mutations in hemoglobin but also confers malaria resistance Heterozygote Advantage

17. Fig. 23-17 0–2.5% Distribution of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum (a parasitic unicellular eukaryote) Frequencies of the sickle-cell allele 2.5–5.0% 7.5–10.0% 5.0–7.5% >12.5% 10.0–12.5%