1. NOTE:
This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that they contain.
Thank you,
Vicki Hughes

2. CHAPTER 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine organs = ductless glands that produce hormones
Hormone = chemical produced in one place but used in another.
Assignments:
OL Endocrine System PT
Endocrine (coloring)

3. Hypothalamus = regulates the pituitary
Pineal = circadian rhythms
Pituitary = reproduction, kidneys, growth (GH), metabolism
Parathyroids = blood Ca+ regulation
Thyroid = metabolism, blood Ca+
Thymus = Immunity

4. Adrenal = blood glucose, metabolism, blood vessel constriction
liver
Adrenal = blood glucose, metabolism, blood vessel constriction
kidney
Pancreas = insulin, blood glucose
Ovary (female) = estrogen, reproduction
Testis (male) = androgens (including testosterone), reproduction

5. Hormones
Hormones = chemicals that a secretory cell secretes to affect the functions of another cell called a target cell.
Paracrine signaling: hormones travel only short distances and affect nearby cells.
Hormones
Secretory cell
Target
cell
Receptor

6. A hormone's target cells have receptors that other cells lack.
Autocrine signaling:
Blood transports hormones to all parts of the body, where they may produce general effects.
A particular hormone's physiological action is restricted to the hormone's target cells - those cells with specific receptors for the hormone molecules.
A hormone's target cells have receptors that other cells lack.
Target Cell
Receptors
DNA
Hormone
Hormones enter blood
Hormones

7. Positive and Negative Feedback
Woman goes into labor
Contractions increase more
hormones
Contractions increase
hormones

8. Hormonal Control of Body Functions
The hypothalamus integrates information from the rest of the body and regulates most of the body's endocrine systems by signaling the pituitary gland to secrete the appropriate hormone.
The pituitary gland secretes nine major hormones of the body.

9. Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is divided into anterior and posterior sections.
Each section secretes its own hormones depending on the stimulation from the hypothalamus.

10. There are about 50 different hormones in the human body.
These fall into three primary categories:
Eicosanoids = control the flow of information
Peptide hormones = secreted into the circulatory system following specific stimuli
Steroids = secreted by three
“steroid glands”—
1. adrenal cortex
2. testes
3. ovaries
(and during pregnancy
by the placenta)

11. Fight or Flight…either way adrenal glands prepare.
Adrenal Hormones
Quiz Tomorrow!
3-4. Name the two
hormones that are
secreted by the
these glands.
List 5 of the 7
responses to the
release of these
hormones.
1. Name the part of the brain that responds to stress
2. Name the endocrine organ that responds.

12. Fight or Flight: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g25d7_Afmc
Pituitary Hormones
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) : signals the adrenal glands (situated atop the kidneys) to produce the steroid cortisol which increases blood sugar in response to stress
Fight or Flight:

13. Pituitary Hormones
ADH (antidiuretic hormone): stimulates the kidneys to concentrate the urine by sending water back into the bloodstream

14. Pituitary Hormones
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (leuteinizing hormone): regulates hormone production by the testes (testosterone) and ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)

15. Pituitary Hormones
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone): signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone which is essential for the regulation of body metabolism

16. Pituitary Hormones
GH (Growth hormone): signals special liver cells to produce somatomedin-C, which is critical for body growth during childhood

17. Pituitary Hormones
Prolactin: stimulates breast milk production and controls menstrual periods

18. Parathyroid glands
thyroid
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is important in the regulation of calcium levels in body fluids.

19. Pancreas exocrine gland that secretes digestive juice
endocrine gland that releases hormones.
The exocrine function of the pancreas is localized in the acinar cells that synthesize and secrete digestive juices.
The endocrine function of the pancreas is localized in the islet cells (Islets of Langerhans), which synthesize and secrete hormones.

20. Blood Sugar Regulation
TAKE NOTES

21. Water-soluble hormones:
Types of Hormones:
Water-soluble hormones:
Must enter the cell using a receptor protein located on the cell membrane.
Fat-soluble hormones (Steroids):
Can pass directly through the cell wall.
Requires transport proteins to travel in bloodstream.
(Water-soluble hormone)
(Fat-soluble hormone)

22. Goiter Disease of the thyroid. Kinds of Goiters:
1. Simple goiter can occur for no known reason or as a result of over compensation for low hormone production.
2. Toxic nodular goiter produces too much thyroid hormone
Prevented by iodine in iodized salt.

23. Diabetes: Pancreas do not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar.

24. Pituitary Dwarfism Decreased output of HGH (human growth hormone).

25. Gigantism Increased output of HGH (human growth hormone).

26. Cretintism decreased thyroid hormone production

27. Myxedema thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone

28. Hyperthyroidism increased production of thyroid hormone

29. Grave’s Disease autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland

30. Hypothyroidism decreased production of thyroid hormone

31. Exopthalmus decreased production of thyroid hormone

32. Tetany (Hypocalcemic) diminished function of the parathyroid glands

33. Addison’s Disease adrenal glands do not produce enough of their hormones

34. Cushing’s Disease pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

35. ANY QUESTIONS?