1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developing Business/IT Strategies Chapter 11

3. 11-3 Discuss the role of planning in the business use of information technology, using the scenario approach and planning for competitive advantage as examples Discuss the role of planning and business models in the development of business/IT strategies, architectures, and applications Identify several change management solutions for end user resistance to the implementation of new IT-based business strategies and applications Learning Objectives

4. 11-4 Planning Fundamentals Information technology has created a seismic shift in the way companies do business Just knowing the importance and structure of e-business is not enough You must create and implement an action plan that allows you to make the transition from an old business design to a new e-business design

5. 11-5 Case 1: The Portfolio Approach to IT 7-Eleven blends its IT investments with a range of assertive IT practices and capabilities Counselor visits to stores twice a week Delivers of stock three times a day A transparent information infrastructure that links 70,000 computers at stores, headquarters, and supplier sites

6. 11-6 Case 1: The Portfolio Approach to IT MIT identified four broad classifications of IT investments that can be managed as a portfolio to minimize business risk and optimize return Transactional: used to cut costs or increase throughput for the same cost Informational: provide information for accounting, reporting, compliance, communication, or analysis

7. 11-7 Case 1: The Portfolio Approach to IT Strategic: used to gain competitive advantage by supporting entry into new markets or by helping to develop new products, services, or business products Infrastructure: typically aimed at providing a flexible base for future business initiatives or reducing long-term IT costs via consolidation

8. 11-8 Case Study Questions What is the portfolio management approach to IT planning? Use the four classifications of IT investments and examples of companies in this case to illustrate your answer What are the keys to 7-Eleven Japan’s great success compared to other retailers in Japan? How does IT support such success? How could 7-Eleven Japan do even better? What role would IT play?

9. 11-9 Components of Organizational Planning

10. 11-10 Planning Strategic Planning Deals with the development of an organization’s mission, goals, strategies, and policies Begins with strategic visioning questions Tactical Planning The setting of objectives and the development of procedures, rules, schedules, and budgets Operational Planning Done on a short-term basis to implement and control day-to-day operations

11. 11-11 Strategic Visioning Questions

12. 11-12 The Scenario Approach Gaining in popularity as a less formal, but more realistic, strategic planning methodology Teams of managers and planners participate in microworld or virtual world exercises Business scenarios are created and evaluated Alternative scenarios are then created

13. 11-13 Trends that Affect Strategic Planning

14. 11-14 Planning for Competitive Advantage Strategic business/IT planning Involves evaluating the potential benefits and risks of using IT-based strategies and technologies for competitive advantage The following models can help generate ideas for the strategic use of IT to support initiatives Competitive forces Competitive strategies Value chain

15. 11-15 Strategic Opportunities Matrix

16. 11-16 SWOT Analysis SWOT stands for Strengths: a company’s core competencies and resources Weaknesses: areas of substandard business performance compared to others Opportunities: potential for new business markets or innovative breakthroughs that might expand current markets Threats: anything that has the potential for business and market losses

17. 11-17 Business Models and Planning Business model answers vital questions about the fundamental components of a business Who are our customers? What do our customers value? How much will it cost to deliver that value? How do we make money in this business?

18. 11-18 Questions for all Business Models Customer valueAre we offering something distinctive or at a lower cost than our competitors? ScopeTo which customers is this value being offered? What range of products/services offered embody this value? PricingHow do we price the value?

19. 11-19 Questions for all Business Models Revenue sourceWhere do the dollars come from? Who pays for what value and when? What are the margins in each market, and what drives them? What drives value in each source? Connected activities What do we have to do to offer this value and when? How connected are these activities?

20. 11-20 Questions for all Business Models ImplementationWhat structure, systems, people, and environment do we need to carry out these activities? What is the fit between them? SustainabilityWhat is it about the firm that makes it difficult for other to imitate it? How do we keep making money? How do we sustain our competitive advantage?

21. 11-21 Questions for all Business Models CapabilitiesWhat are our capabilities and capabilities gaps? How do we fill these gaps? Is there something distinctive about these capabilities that lets us offer the value better than other firms? Is this capability hard to imitate? What are the sources of these capabilities?

22. 11-22 Questions Specific to E-Business Models Customer Value What is it about Internet technologies that allows us to offer customers something distinctive? Can Internet technologies help us to solve a new set of problems for customers? ScopeWhat is the scope of customers that Internet technologies enable us to reach? Does the Internet alter the product or service mix that embodies the firm’s products?

23. 11-23 Questions Specific to E-Business Models PricingHow does the Internet make pricing different? Revenue sourceAre revenue sources different with the Internet? What is new? Connected activities How many new activities must be performed as a result of the Internet? How much better can Internet technologies help us perform existing activities?

24. 11-24 Questions Specific to E-Business Models ImplementationHow do Internet technologies affect the strategy, structure, systems, people, and environment of the firm? CapabilitiesWhat new capabilities do we need? What is the impact of Internet technologies on existing capabilities? SustainabilityDo Internet technologies make sustainability easier or more difficult? How can the firm take advantage of it?

25. 11-25 Business Models as Planning Tools A business model forces rigorously and systematic thinking about the value and viability of business initiatives The strategic planning process is then used to develop unique business strategies that capitalize on a business model The goal is to gain a competitive advantage in an industry or marketplace

26. 11-26 The Business/IT Planning Process

27. 11-27 The Business/IT Planning Process The business/IT planning process has three major components Strategic development Resource management Technology architecture

28. 11-28 Information Technology Architecture The IT architecture is a conceptual design that includes these major components Technology platform Data resources Application architecture IT organization

29. 11-29 Balanced Scorecard The balanced scorecard measures a company’s activities in terms of vision and strategies The system has four processes Translating vision into operational goals Communicating the vision and linking it to individual performance Business planning Feedback/learning and strategy adjustment

30. 11-30 Balanced Scorecard The business perspectives a scorecard measures Financial: reflects financial performance, such as cash flow or ROI Customer: measures having a direct impact on customers, such as time to process phone calls Business process: reflects the performance of key business processes, such as time spent prospecting or process costs Learning/growth: the company’s learning curve, such as how many hours are spent training staff

31. 11-31 Identifying Business/IT Strategies The most valuable Internet applications allow companies to Transcend communication barriers Establish connections that enhance productivity Stimulate innovative development Improve customer relations

32. 11-32 Strategic Positioning Matrix

33. 11-33 Strategic Matrix Cost and Efficiency Improvements Use the Internet as a fast, low-cost way to communicate and interact with others Use of e-mail, chat systems, discussion groups, and company websites Performance Improvement in Effectiveness Major improvements in business effectiveness recommended Increase use of Internet-based technologies, such as intranets and extranets

34. 11-34 Strategic Strategies Global Market Penetration Capitalize on a high degree of customer and competitor connectivity and use of IT Use e-commerce websites with value-added information services and extensive online customer support Product and Service Transformation Develop and deploy new Internet-based products and services that strategically reposition it in the marketplace

35. 11-35 E-Business Strategy Examples Market Creator: be among the first to market and remain ahead of the competition by continuously innovating Channel Reconfiguration: use the Internet as a new channel to directly access customers, make sales, and fulfill orders Transaction Intermediary: Use the Internet to process purchases

36. 11-36 E-Business Strategy Examples Infomediary: use the Internet to reduce the search cost; offer a unified process for collecting the information needed to make a large purchase Self-Service Innovator: provide a comprehensive suite of services that the customer’s employees can use directly Supply Chain Innovator: use the Internet to streamline supply chain interactions Channel Mastery: use the Internet as a sales and service channel

37. 11-37 Business Application Planning Process

38. 11-38 Comparing Planning Approaches

39. 11-39 E-Business Architecture Planning

40. 11-40 Implementation Many companies plan changes very well Few manage to convert a plan into action This is true even if senior management consistently identifies e-business as an area of great opportunity

41. 11-41 Case 2: Infosys Implementation Challenges Company adage is “learn once, use everywhere” Developed a companywide knowledge management program Offered knowledge currency units (KCUs) for contributions to jump-start usage Issues encountered Information overload Slow searches for reusable information Shortage of volunteer reviewers Contributions of questionable quality Information hoarding

42. 11-42 Case 2: Infosys Implementation Challenges Revamped the System Formulated a composite KCU score based on information usefulness and benefit Information rated by actual users Demanded justification for high ratings Reduced the number of KCUs awarded for reviewing contributions Raised the bar for cashing in KCU incentive points for monetary rewards

43. 11-43 Case Study Questions Why do you think the knowledge management system at Infosys faced such serious implementation challenges? What steps did the KM group at Infosys take to improve participation in the KM system? Why were some of these initiatives counterproductive? The KM group responded well with corrective initiatives. Do you think these will succeed?

44. 11-44 Case Study Questions What change management initiatives should the KM group have initiated in Infosys before attempting to develop and implement knowledge management at the company? Defend your proposals, paying particular attention to the final quote in the case by a long-time KM manager at Infosys

45. 11-45 Implementing Information Technology Many businesses have undergone multiple major reorganization since the early 1980s Business process reengineering Installation and upgrades of an ERP system Upgrading legacy systems to be Y2K compliant Creating shared service centers Just-in-time manufacturing Sales force automation Contract manufacturing The introduction of euro currency E-business is the latest organizational change

46. 11-46 Impact and Scope of Implementing IT

47. 11-47 Intranet Enterprise Portal Challenges Security, security, security Defining the scope and purpose of the portal Finding the time and the money Ensuring consistent data quality Getting employees to use it Organizing the data Finding technical expertise Integrating the pieces Making it easy to use Providing all users with access

48. 11-48 Enterprise Resource Planning Challenges Getting end user buy-in Scheduling/planning Integrating legacy systems/data Getting management buy-in Multiple/international sites and partners Changing culture and mind-sets IT training Getting, keeping IT staff Moving to a new platform Performance/system upgrades

49. 11-49 End User Resistance and Involvement Any way of doing things generates some resistance from the people affected CRM projects have a history of failure Up to 75 percent of CRM projects fail to meet their objectives This is often due to sales force automation problems and unaddressed cultural issues Sales staffs are often resistant to, or fearful of, using CRM systems

50. 11-50 Keys to Solving End User Resistance Keys to solving end user resistance problems Education and training End-user involvement in organizational changes and system development Requiring involvement and commitment of top management and all stakeholders Systems that inconvenience or frustrate users cannot be effective, no matter how technically elegant or efficient

51. 11-51 Obstacles to KM Systems

52. 11-52 Change Management People factors have the highest level of difficulty and the longest time to resolve of any dimension of change management

53. 11-53 Key Dimensions of Change Management

54. 11-54 Change Management Implementing a new e-business application may involve Developing an action plan Assigning managers as change sponsors Developing employee change teams Encouraging open communications and feedback about organizational changes

55. 11-55 Change Management Key tactics recommended by change experts Involve as many people as possible in e-business planning and application development Make constant change an expected part of the culture Tell everyone as much as possible about everything, as often as possible, in person Make liberal use of financial incentives and recognition Work within the company culture, not around it

56. 11-56 A Change Management Process

57. 11-57 Avnet Marshall’s Transformation

58. 11-58 Case 3: Strategies of Second Movers Gain an edge by observing what the first mover has done Be better, faster, cheaper, easier Trip up incumbents with tactics from other fields Swipe business models and start your own race Follow the biggest leader you can find Aim for the leader’s Achilles’ heel

59. 11-59 Case Study Questions Is the second-mover advantage always a good planning strategy? What can a front-runner business do to foil the assaults of second movers? Do second movers always have the advantage in Web-based business success?

60. 11-60 Case 4: Planning for Innovation Federal Express spends $1 billion/year on IT Primary focus is on revenue-generating, customer-satisfaction-generating, and strategic-advantage technology Operational technology receives slightly less attention Company philosophies It’s easier to copy than to innovate Move, communicate, and shoot

61. 11-61 Case Study Questions How do the IT investment strategies and focus of FedEx and its main competitor UPS differ? Which company has the better strategy? Is FedEx’s “move, communicate, shoot” IT strategy a good one for its competitive battle with UPS? Is it a good model of competitive IT strategy for other types of companies?

62. 11-62 Case Study Questions FedEx CIO Carter says his company is in the business of engineering time. Is this a good business vision for FedEx? How vital is IT to this definition of FedEx’s business?