1. Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

2. The reason that two sperm cells travel down the angiosperm pollen tube is that
they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube.
one fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei.
one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the synergid.
one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the pollen tube toward the micropyle.
if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus.
Answer: B

3. The reason that two sperm cells travel down the angiosperm pollen tube is that
they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube.
one fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with the two polar nuclei.
one fertilizes the egg, and the other fertilizes the synergid.
one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the pollen tube toward the micropyle.
if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus. 3

4. In dicotyledon seed germination, usually the first organ to emerge from the seed is the
shoot tip, as the most important function to get under way is breaking through the soil.
hypocotyl, as the most important function to get under way is breaking through the soil.
cotyledon(s), as the most important function to get under way is photosynthesis.
radicle, as the most important function to get under way is the absorption of water and nutrients.
root, as the most important function to get under way is interacting with microbes in the soil.
Answer: D 4

5. In dicotyledon seed germination, usually the first organ to emerge from the seed is the
shoot tip, as the most important function to get under way is breaking through the soil.
hypocotyl, as the most important function to get under way is breaking through the soil.
cotyledon(s), as the most important function to get under way is photosynthesis.
radicle, as the most important function to get under way is the absorption of water and nutrients.
root, as the most important function to get under way is interacting with microbes in the soil. 5

6. A reproductive trait of a hybrid crop plant that is advantageous in plant breeding is
male sterility.
seed dormancy.
self-incompatibility.
rapid pollen tube growth.
apomixis.
Answer: E 6

7. A reproductive trait of a hybrid crop plant that is advantageous in plant breeding is
male sterility.
seed dormancy.
self-incompatibility.
rapid pollen tube growth.
apomixis. 7

8. All of the following are associated in some way with double fertilization in angiosperms, except for which one?
The angiosperm zygote is diploid.
The pollen tube reaching the micropyle results in the death of one of the synergids.
The fertilized angiosperm ovule consists of diploid and triploid cells.
The megasporangium gives rise to four haploid cells through meiosis.
One of the pollen nuclei contributes to the genome of the endosperm.
Answer: D 8

9. All of the following are associated in some way with double fertilization in angiosperms, except for which one?
The angiosperm zygote is diploid.
The pollen tube reaching the micropyle results in the death of one of the synergids.
The fertilized angiosperm ovule consists of diploid and triploid cells.
The megasporangium gives rise to four haploid cells through meiosis.
One of the pollen nuclei contributes to the genome of the endosperm. 9

10. The flowers of wind-pollinated plants
usually have flat blades to direct the wind.
produce sticky pollen.
are usually green and inconspicuous.
are usually white and small.
always occur as separate staminate and pistilate flowers.
Answer: C 10

11. The flowers of wind-pollinated plants
usually have flat blades to direct the wind.
produce sticky pollen.
are usually green and inconspicuous.
are usually white and small.
always occur as separate staminate and pistilate flowers. 11

12. An accessory fruit is one that
grows from a lateral meristem.
develops using some tissue from other than the ovary.
develops from the pericarp.
consists of multiple receptacles.
is necessary for reproduction.
Answer: B 12

13. An accessory fruit is one that
grows from a lateral meristem.
develops using some tissue from other than the ovary.
develops from the pericarp.
consists of multiple receptacles.
is necessary for reproduction. 13

14. Which three fruits consist of an aggregate fruit, a multiple fruit, and an accessory fruit, in that order?
guava, blackberry, cherry
watermelon, orange, pea
apple, pear, cherry
pineapple, tangerine, cranberry
raspberry, pineapple, apple
Answer: E 14

15. Which three fruits consist of an aggregate fruit, a multiple fruit, and an accessory fruit, in that order?
guava, blackberry, cherry
watermelon, orange, pea
apple, pear, cherry
pineapple, tangerine, cranberry
raspberry, pineapple, apple 15

16. One approach that is LEAST likely to reduce the spread of transgenes of engineered crop plants into wild congeneric populations is to
engineer the gene into the chloroplast DNA.
insert the desired gene into the nuclear DNA of the crop plant.
engineer only species that obligately inbreed.
engineer only plants that spread by cloning.
alter the plants so that they self-pollinate.
Answer: B 16

17. One approach that is LEAST likely to reduce the spread of transgenes of engineered crop plants into wild congeneric populations is to
engineer the gene into the chloroplast DNA.
insert the desired gene into the nuclear DNA of the crop plant.
engineer only species that obligately inbreed.
engineer only plants that spread by cloning.
alter the plants so that they self-pollinate. 17

18. When angiosperms first evolved it is thought that they used a very generalist/nonspecialized strategy of attracting pollinators. Which choice CORRECTLY identifies some of the floral characteristics those early flowering plants were thought to have?
bilateral floral symmetry, few petals often fused, and an ovary hidden beneath the receptacle
radial floral symmetry, few petals often fused, and an ovary above the receptacle
bilateral floral symmetry, many unfused petals, and an ovary hidden beneath the receptacle
radial floral symmetry, few petals often fused, and an ovary hidden beneath the receptacle
radial floral symmetry, many unfused petals, and an ovary above the receptacle
Answer: e

19. When angiosperms first evolved it is thought that they used a very generalist/nonspecialized strategy of attracting pollinators. Which choice CORRECTLY identifies some of the floral characteristics those early flowering plants were thought to have?
bilateral floral symmetry, few petals often fused, and an ovary hidden beneath the receptacle
radial floral symmetry, few petals often fused, and an ovary above the receptacle
bilateral floral symmetry, many unfused petals, and an ovary hidden beneath the receptacle
radial floral symmetry, few petals often fused, and an ovary hidden beneath the receptacle
radial floral symmetry, many unfused petals, and an ovary above the receptacle

20. The image below shows some aspects of the life cycle of flower plants
The image below shows some aspects of the life cycle of flower plants. What do the three unlabeled yellow boxes in this figure represent?
periods when pollination and dispersal occur
All are stages at which gametes are created.
the stages at which some form of sexual reproduction takes place
each is a period of dormancy, used to avoid periods of harsh conditions
periods of germination and of growth
Answer: c
(Note: In this case the box at the lower left is when double fertilization occurs and zygote formation is achieved. And the two boxes in the upper left are when meiosis occurs and spores are created. At all three of these points cells are created which can grow into new individual plants (i.e. reproduction has been done), and at each a change in genetic combination can occur (i.e. each is a sexual process) either by meiosis or fertilization.)
(Image is from: 30_10AngiospermLifeCycl_4-U.jpg, of the image set for Campbell, 2008.)

21. The image below shows some aspects of the life cycle of flower plants
The image below shows some aspects of the life cycle of flower plants. What do the three unlabeled yellow boxes in this figure represent?
periods when pollination and dispersal occur
All are stages at which gametes are created.
the stages at which some form of sexual reproduction takes place
each is a period of dormancy, used to avoid periods of harsh conditions
periods of germination and of growth

22. Before fertilization (see figure) the ovarian wall helps to protect _______, while after fertilization it has a role in protecting the developing ______.
megagametophytes; seeds
the carpels; anther sacs
embryo sacs; eggs
pollen grains; fruit walls
megagametophytes; megaspores
Answer: a
(Image, modified from fig )

23. Before fertilization (see figure) the ovarian wall helps to protect _______, while after fertilization it has a role in protecting the developing ______.
megagametophytes; seeds
the carpels; anther sacs
embryo sacs; eggs
pollen grains; fruit walls
megagametophytes; megaspores

24. If you order the following processes from first to last, which is likely to occur third in order?
Pass along the sperm that are delivered to the ovule for fertilization.
Form a hardened seed coat.
Transmit food to a growing gametophyte.
Do meiosis in its ovule to form a megaspore.
Supply food to a growing endosperm and embryo.
Answer: a
Note: The order would be 1 d; 2 c; 3 a; 4 e; 5 b.
(Image: 38_05bDoubleFert-U.jpg, from 2008 edition of Campbell's image set. Might wish to use an image with just
an ovule and no pollen tube?)

25. If you order the following processes from first to last, which is likely to occur third in order?
Pass along the sperm that are delivered to the ovule for fertilization.
Form a hardened seed coat.
Transmit food to a growing gametophyte.
Do meiosis in its ovule to form a megaspore.
Supply food to a growing endosperm and embryo.

26. Which is NOT a correct distinction between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination involves multicellular organisms, while fertilization involves single cells.
Fertilization results in a change in ploidy, while pollination does not.
Fertilization is done by both plants and animals, while pollination is not a part of the animal life cycle.
Pollination does not require the fusion of any cells, while fertilization does.
Pollination can directly result in dispersion of a species to establish it in a new location, while fertilization does not.
Answer: e
Note: The issues here are 1) that pollination is distinct from fertilization, and 2) that pollination is also not the process used to achieve dispersal of a plant species.

27. Which is NOT a correct distinction between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination involves multicellular organisms, while fertilization involves single cells.
Fertilization results in a change in ploidy, while pollination does not.
Fertilization is done by both plants and animals, while pollination is not a part of the animal life cycle.
Pollination does not require the fusion of any cells, while fertilization does.
Pollination can directly result in dispersion of a species to establish it in a new location, while fertilization does not.

28. Which one of the following statements describing aspects of the angiosperm life cycle is FALSE?
The integuments act to protect the ovule, guide the entry of the pollen tube, and form the coat of the seed.
The endosperm is triploid (3n), because two sperm are used to form it during double fertilization.
The carpel is a modified leaf having ovules that produces spores by meiosis.
The pollen grain is a multicellular gametophyte that develops from a spore.
The ovule is an integumented spore-producing structure that ultimately develops into a seed.
Answer: b

29. Which one of the following statements describing aspects of the angiosperm life cycle is FALSE?
The integuments act to protect the ovule, guide the entry of the pollen tube, and form the coat of the seed.
The endosperm is triploid (3n), because two sperm are used to form it during double fertilization.
The carpel is a modified leaf having ovules that produces spores by meiosis.
The pollen grain is a multicellular gametophyte that develops from a spore.
The ovule is an integumented spore-producing structure that ultimately develops into a seed.

30. The gametophytic incompatibility system is used by many plant species
The gametophytic incompatibility system is used by many plant species. Which choice correctly describes what it does?
The megagametophytic plant prevents itself from carrying out fertilization by inhibiting its production of an egg.
A sporophytic plant inhibits pollen tube growth of a microgametophytic plant having certain alleles similar to its own.
Sperm from a microgametophtye are rejected by cells of the megagametophyte and not used in fertilization.
Only pollination between closely related lines of plants occurs, and outcrossing is prevented.
A diploid sporophytic plant is only able to produce spores with genetic factors different from itself.
Answer: b

31. The gametophytic incompatibility system is used by many plant species
The gametophytic incompatibility system is used by many plant species. Which choice correctly describes what it does?
The megagametophytic plant prevents itself from carrying out fertilization by inhibiting its production of an egg.
A sporophytic plant inhibits pollen tube growth of a microgametophytic plant having certain alleles similar to its own.
Sperm from a microgametophtye are rejected by cells of the megagametophyte and not used in fertilization.
Only pollination between closely related lines of plants occurs, and outcrossing is prevented.
A diploid sporophytic plant is only able to produce spores with genetic factors different from itself.
Answer: b

32. Dandelions create offspring asexually, by apomixis, which then disperse by the wind (see figure). What choice is a valid statement about these fruits and the benefits of from their dispersal?
Each distinct seed has a different genetic combination, and dispersal gives each a chance to get to a different suitable habitat.
Some will arrive at, and grow in, an area that is suitable for the genetic combination shared by all these offspring.
Dispersing widely promotes more outcrossing and increases the genetic diversity in the population overall.
Each fruit can fragment into other smaller fruits, increasing the number of individuals being dispersed.
Some of the seeds will mutate during their dispersal, making them more fit to survive.
Answer: b
Image, taken from fig

33. Dandelions create offspring asexually, by apomixis, which then disperse by the wind (see figure). What choice is a valid statement about these fruits and the benefits of from their dispersal?
Each distinct seed has a different genetic combination, and dispersal gives each a chance to get to a different suitable habitat.
Some will arrive at, and grow in, an area that is suitable for the genetic combination shared by all these offspring.
Dispersing widely promotes more outcrossing and increases the genetic diversity in the population overall.
Each fruit can fragment into other smaller fruits, increasing the number of individuals being dispersed.
Some of the seeds will mutate during their dispersal, making them more fit to survive.

34. If a reproductive process creates something that may grow into a new individual, and if sexual processes have at least the potential to create new genetic combinations, then which of the following choices is neither “reproductive” nor “sexual”?
the release of several plantlets from the edge of a leaf of a Kalanchoë plant
the fusion of gametes to create a zygote
production of a megaspore in an ovule by meiosis
the dispersal of a fruit with its seeds far from the tree where it was formed
microspore formation by meiosis in the anther sacs of stamen
Answer: d

35. If a reproductive process creates something that may grow into a new individual, and if sexual processes have at least the potential to create new genetic combinations, then which of the following choices is neither “reproductive” nor “sexual”?
the release of several plantlets from the edge of a leaf of a Kalanchoë plant
the fusion of gametes to create a zygote
production of a megaspore in an ovule by meiosis
the dispersal of a fruit with its seeds far from the tree where it was formed
microspore formation by meiosis in the anther sacs of stamen

36. Which of the following biotechnological manipulations of plants is NOT focused on improving either the quality or quantity of food production?
altering the expression of genes in potatoes and in their relatives to lower the production of toxins
the creation of genetically modified poplar trees to produce more biomass for biofuel production
making a plant species more resistant to a virus by the introduction of selected genetic elements
adding synthesis pathways to a crop species so that it contains more of a desired vitamin precursor
introduction of new genes into a crop species to make it resistant to insect herbivory
Answer: b

37. Which of the following biotechnological manipulations of plants is NOT focused on improving either the quality or quantity of food production?
altering the expression of genes in potatoes and in their relatives to lower the production of toxins
the creation of genetically modified poplar trees to produce more biomass for biofuel production
making a plant species more resistant to a virus by the introduction of selected genetic elements
adding synthesis pathways to a crop species so that it contains more of a desired vitamin precursor
introduction of new genes into a crop species to make it resistant to insect herbivory