1. CHAPTER 1 THE TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHERS

2. Globe A globe is a 3-D representation of the Earth. Sometimes globes are not very practical because they are TOO BULKY! They also are too small to small prominent features. Its hard to measure distance and direction because of its roundness. You also can’t see the entire Earth at 1 time.

3. Maps Maps are two dimensional graphic representations of the Earth’s curved surface on a flat surface. Maps are easily carried and can be drawn to any scale.

4. Problem of Distortion  Features are stretched to put Earth’s information onto a map.

5. Distortion!!!

7. DISTORTION  Its impossible to accurately reflect a curved surface on a flat surface.  The larger the surface the larger the distortion is on the map. TYPES OF DISTORTION : 1. Shape of land & bodies of water. 2. Size of (area) of land/water. 3. Distance 4. Direction

8. TELLING DIRECTIONS  Cardinal Directions are: North, South, East, West!  Intermediate Directions are: Northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest!

9. Different Types of Maps 1. Physical  Show landforms and bodies of water!  Can determine characteristics of the place or region. 2. Political  Human-created! Cities, states, territories, or countries. 3. Thematic  More specific maps.  Can show growth of a nation or influence of a nation, GDP, and Migration patterns!

10. Maps and Map Skills

11.  Latitude  The set of lines crossing the Earth’s surface horizontally, Circling east and west.  Each line of latitude is always an equal distance from the next.  They are also known as parallels. All latitude lines are parallel to each other  They are also known as parallels. All latitude lines are parallel to each other.

12.  Longitude  A set of lines that run vertically along Earth’s surface from the North Pole to the South Pole

13. Hemispheres  The earth can be divided into halves. Each of these halves is called a hemisphere  The earth can be divided into halves. Each of these halves is called a hemisphere.

14. Hemispheres at the Equator  The ½ north of the equator is called the northern hemisphere  The ½ south of the equator is called the southern hemisphere

16. Map Projections  Cylindrical Projections  Conic Projections  Robinson Projection  Goode’s Interrupted

17. Cylindrical Projections--- Mercator  Straight lines of latitude and Longitude are Perpendicular (accurate directions)  Distortions: shape and size of areas far away from the equator.  Little distortion near the equator

18. Conic Projections  Used for middle latitudes between 30 0 and 60 0 north latitudes, and between 30 0 and 60 0 south latitudes  Shape and size are not preserved.  Not much distortion between parallels.  USED: by the US Geography Bureau and the Census Department.

19. Robinson Projection  Equal areas – shown with high degree of accuracy  Conformal except near edges of map where distortion increases  Valuable for showing entire world.

20. Goode’s Interrupted  High degree of accuracy in area and shape  Distorted distance and scale.  Valuable for showing Land masses.

21. Points to Remember  The projection one chooses to use depends on the information one wants.  All Maps are projections – they transfer Earth’s features from the globe to a flat surface (map).  When large areas of Earth are mapped, distortion is more serious.  When mapping small areas like cities, distortion is not usually evident.