1. 10-1 Environmental Geology James Reichard Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 10-2 Chapter 10 Soil Resources

3. 10-3 Formation of Soils Bedrock Bedrock Regolith Regolith Sediment Sediment

4. 10-4 Formation of Soils Weathering Weathering Physical Physical Chemical Chemical Quartz resistant to chemical weathering Quartz resistant to chemical weathering

5. 10-5 Soil Horizons

6. 10-6 Soil Color

7. 10-7 Soil Texture

8. 10-8 Soil Forming Factors Parent material Parent material C Horizon C Horizon Organisms Organisms Climate Climate Topography Topography Time Time Paleosol Paleosol

9. 10-9 Classification of Soils

10. 10-10 Engineering Classification

11. 10-11 Soil Properties Porosity Porosity Soil moisture & drought resistance Soil moisture & drought resistance Permeability Permeability Strength & sensitivity Strength & sensitivity Plasticity Plasticity Compressibility Compressibility Shrink-swell Shrink-swell Ion exchange capacity Ion exchange capacity

12. 10-12 Soil as a Resource Agricultural food production Agricultural food production Soil fertility Soil fertility Essential nutrients Essential nutrients Minerals and energy Minerals and energy Aluminum Aluminum Kaolinite clay Kaolinite clay Peat Peat

13. 10-13 Soil Loss Soil erosion Soil erosion Natural Natural Man-made Man-made Consequences Consequences

14. 10-14 Soil Loss Mitigation Mitigation Contour plowing Contour plowing Crop stripping Crop stripping No till farming No till farming Grassed waterways Grassed waterways Terracing Terracing Stream buffers Silt fences Retention basins Slope vegetation cover

15. 10-15 Salinization of Soils

16. 10-16 Hardpans