1. ASTR 1102-002 2008 Fall Semester Joel E. Tohline, Alumni Professor Office: 247 Nicholson Hall [Slides from Lecture21]

2. Chapter 24: Galaxies and Chapter 26: Cosmology

3. Individual Galaxies Location in Space –Coordinate (angular) position on the sky –Distance from Earth Motion through Space –Motion across the sky (“proper” motion) – None observable! –Motion toward/away from us (radial velocity) – Extremely revealing discovery made by Slipher, Hubble, Humason

4. Distance Ladder Hubble used Pop I Cepheid variables to determine distances to nearby galaxies.

5. Hubble used Doppler-shift measurements to determine radial velocities of nearby galaxies.

6. Determining Radial Velocities from Measured “Redshifts” Textbook Box 24-2 – z = redshift =  / 0 –If “z” is sufficiently small, then v/c = z –If “z” not small, use relativistic formula to obtain “v” from “z”.

7. Plotting measured velocities versus measured distances, Hubble discovered a strong correlation:

8. Hubble’s Revealing Discovery All galaxies are moving away from us! (The exception is our nearest neighbor galaxy, Andromeda.) The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is receding from us! Correlation described by simple formula: v = H 0 d H 0 is the slope of the line in the “Hubble Law” diagram: H 0 = 73 (km/s)/Mpc

10. Hubble’s Revealing Discovery All galaxies are moving away from us! (The exception is our nearest neighbor galaxy, Andromeda.) The farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is receding from us! Correlation described by simple formula: v = H 0 d H 0 is the slope of the line in the “Hubble Law” diagram: H 0 = 73 (km/s)/Mpc

11. Determining Distance from “z” If the Hubble Law continues to be relevant at all distances throughout the universe, then we can turn the formula around and use measurements of “z” to give us distances to remote galaxies! d = v/H 0 = (zc)/H 0

12. So … in order to determine distances to all of the galaxies in some region of the sky, all we have to do is measure the (Doppler-shift) redshift of each galaxy.

16. The “Hubble Constant” H 0 Let’s examine more closely the meaning of the so-called “Hubble Constant,” H 0 H 0 = (73 km/s)/Mpc = (73 km/s)/(3.085 x 10 19 km) = 2.37 x 10 -18 /s That is, 1/H 0 = 4.23 x 10 17 s = 13.4 billion yrs

17. The “Hubble Constant” H 0 Let’s examine more closely the meaning of the so-called “Hubble Constant,” H 0 H 0 = (73 km/s)/Mpc = (73 km/s)/(3.085 x 10 19 km) = 2.37 x 10 -18 /s That is, 1/H 0 = 4.23 x 10 17 s = 13.4 billion yrs

18. The “Hubble Constant” H 0 Let’s examine more closely the meaning of the so-called “Hubble Constant,” H 0 H 0 = (73 km/s)/Mpc = (73 km/s)/(3.085 x 10 19 km) = 2.37 x 10 -18 /s That is, 1/H 0 = 4.23 x 10 17 s = 13.4 billion yrs

19. Interpretation of Hubble’s Law Hubble’s Law appears to put us in a special location in the Universe: Everything appears to be expanding away from us! Einstein’s general theory of relativity provides a context for interpreting (& understanding) Hubble’s Law that does not put us in a special location.