1. Godel’s proof Danny Brown

2. Outline of godel’s proof 1.Create a statement that says of itself that it is not provable 2.Show that this statement is provable iff it is not provable (Richard’s paradox) 3.Conclude that if our system is consistent then this statement is undecidable 4.Surprise

3. Godel numbering Every symbol has a number Every statement has a number Every series of statements has a number So statements about arithmetic can be described by arithmetical relationships

4. Godel numbering (Nagel and Newman) Suppose ‘0’ is given the value (godel number) 21, ‘=‘ has godel number 36, then: Statement ‘0=0’ has godel number

5. Uniqueness So every statement has a unique Godel number Given a number you could factorise to find the statement

6. The proof

7. proof[a,b] This formula means a proves b a is actually the number representing some (sequence of) statements that proves the statement with number b It’s really states that there is an arithmetical relation between the numbers for a and b.

8. sub(n,21,c) This formula means we substitute ‘c’ for the symbol with value 21 in the statement with number n eg in the statement ‘0=0’ (with number n) we could substitute the symbol ‘0’ (=21) with the symbol ‘c’… then the statement becomes ‘c=c’… …if c=71 (say) then the new statement has value sub(n,21,c) =

9. Creating the statement G Consider the statement (this means that b is not provable)

10. Creating the statement G Now consider the following statement Let this statement have value m

11. Creating the statement G Now substitute the symbol m in place of c in the statement to give Let’s call the value of this statement g… but what does g equal??

12. g = ? substitute the symbol m for the symbol with value 71 (=c) into the statement with value m… so g = ?

13. g = ? substitute the symbol m for the symbol with value 71 (=c) into the statement with value m… so g = sub(m,71,m)

14. What does G say? Look closely at the statement G again…

15. What does G say? Look closely at the statement G again… …or… …what does it say??

16. Is G provable or not?

17. G says of itself that it is not provable …so…

18. Is G provable or not? G says of itself that it is not provable …so… G is provable iff it is not provable

19. Consistency We can’t have statements in our logical system that are both provable and not provable (not ‘consistent’) So we keep consistency and conclude that this sentence is neither ie it is ‘undecidable’ (and the system is ‘incomplete’).

20. Surprise Does it matter that G is undecidable? Is G true?

21. What does Godel’s theorem say? There are always undecidable arithmetical statements in any ‘sufficiently expressive’ arithmetical system of logic.

22. Self-reference Objection: only self-referential statements are the ones that can’t be proved… ‘An introduction to Godel’s Theorems’ Peter Smith

23. What it doesn’t say There are ‘unprovable truths’ - it is independent of what we think is true or not (although we can introduce the idea of soundness) - given different sets of axioms, some statements will be provable and some won’t… maybe mathematical axioms could change in the future?

24. But which theorems are they? The Collatz conjecture? Goldbach’s? Riemann Hypothesis? …cue Alan Turing