1. APPLIED THERMODYNAMIC INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
BKM 3313
APPLIED THERMODYNAMIC
CHAPTER 5
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

2. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
One of the most significant inventions of the 20th century is the internal combustion (IC) engine
Definition
An engine in which the chemical energy of the fuel is released inside the engine and used directly for mechanical work
E : Exhaust cam shaft
I : Intake Cam shaft
S : Spark plug
V : Inlet and exhaust valve
W : Water Jacket for cooling flow
P : Piston
R : Connecting Rod
C : Crank shaft

3. IC engines use reciprocating piston in a cylinder (block)
The piston operates between the “top dead center” (TDC) and the “bottom dead center” (BDC)
Valves are used to control the flow of gas into and out of engine
Stroke is the largest distance the piston travels
Bore is the diameter of the piston
Other components are piston, block, crankshaft, connecting rod etc.
tdc
bdc
bore
stroke l a θ
l = connecting rod
a = crank shaft
θ = crank angle

4. 5.2 TYPES & CLASSIFICATIONS OF IC ENGINES
IC engine can be classified according to:
applications
Automobile, truck, locomotive, light aircraft, marine, portable, power system etc
basic engine design
Reciprocating engine, rotary engine
no of cylinders
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 etc.
arrangement of cylinder
In-line, V-type, opposed, radial
working cycle
4-stroke, 2-stroke
fuel
Gasoline, diesel, nitro methane, alcohol, natural gas, hydrogen etc

5. ENGINE DESIGN & CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT
Inline, 4-cylinder
(Straight 4)
V-type, 6 cylinder
(V6)

6. ENGINE DESIGN & CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT
Opposed, 4-cylinder
(Flat 4)
Rotary egine

7. 4-STROKE ENGINE 4-Stroke
Requires 4 stroke of piston to complete a cycle
1-2 Induction stroke
Inlet valve open. Exhaust valve is closed. BDC to TDC. Air + fuel is induced.
2-3 Compression stroke
Air + fuel is compressed to TDC. Spark occurred at S and combustion occurs mainly at constant volume. Large increase in pressure and temperature.
3-4 Working stroke
Hot gas expand pushing the piston down to BDC. Exhaust valve open at E to assist exhaustion. Inlet valve is still closed.
4-1 Exhaust stroke
The gas is force to exit the cylinder. Piston moved to TDC. Inlet valve is still closed.
2 revolution of crank shaft per cycle

8. START
INTAKE
COMPRESSION
SPARK
EXHAUST
POWER

9. 2-STROKE ENGINE 2-Stroke
Requires 2 stroke of piston to complete a cycle
First stroke : BDC – TDC (Both compression and induction stroke)
As piston ascends on the compression stroke, the next charge is drawn into crankcase C as the spring loaded valve, S open automatically. Ignition occur before TDC. Both transfer and exhaust port is uncovered.
Second stroke: TDC – BDC ( Both working and exhaust stroke)
At TDC working stroke begin. As the piston descend through about 80%, the exhaust port is uncovered and exhaust begin. The transfer port is uncovered later due to the shape of the piston and the position of the port. The descending piston push the air to enter the cylinder through the transfer port.
1 revolution of crank shaft per cycle
Less efficient compared to 4 stroke
High power-to-weight ratio
Suitable for small applications

10. 5.3 THE AIR STANDARD CYCLES
Before we could discuss in depth about IC engines, let us look at several types air standard cycles.
We will discuss three standard cycles :
Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Dual combustion cycle
The air standards cycles are ideal cycles used as a yardstick for the actual cycles.
There are few assumptions applied to the cycles:
Working fluid is air behaving as ideal gas
All process in the cycle are internally reversible
Combustion process is replaced by a heat addition process from an external source
Exhaust process is replaced by a heat rejection process
No chemical reaction

11. 5.4 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA OF IC ENGINES
tdc
bdc b L l a θ VC VD
GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS
Referring to the diagram
Note:
“Indicated” refers to the values obtained by analysis on the cycle (i.e. Indicated Power, Indicated MEP)
“Brake” refers to the values obtained through experimental methods (i.e. Brake Power, BMEP)
VD is multiplied by no of cylinder for multi-cylinder engines

12. INDICATED POWER Definition: The rate of indicated cycle work.
How it’s being measured: Using indicator diagram obtained from the engine.
Net work done per cycle = area of power loop – area of pumping loop
Therefore indicated mean effective pressure, Pi
Note: the constant will depends on the scales of the recorder. Normally the units of the constant are either bar/mm or kPa/mm

13. INDICATED POWER For one cylinder engine, where L = stroke
A = area of piston
For N rpm and n cylinder, indicated power can be written as:

15. EXAMPLE 5.4
Based of the data given, determine the engine indicated power:
Net are of diagram = 210 mm2
Length of diagram = 28 mm
Constant = 0.8 bar/mm
Engine type = 4 stroke
No of cylinder = 4
Piston area = 100 cm2
Stoke = 12 cm
Engine speed = 3000 rpm

16. BRAKE POWER It is the measured output of the engine (actual power).
The engine is connected to a brake dynamometer which can be loaded in such a way that the torque exerted by the engine can be measured.
The torque is obtained by reading off a net load, W at a known radius, r from the axis rotation and hence the torque is given by
The brake power is given by
Nowadays torque can be measured directly and bp is obtained directly using above equation.

17. ENGINE
DYNAMOMETER

21. FRICTION POWER & MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
The difference between the ip and bp is the friction power, fp.
It is defined as the power required to overcome the frictional resistance of the engine parts.
The mechanical efficiency is defined as
The value lies between 80 to 90%.

22. BRAKE MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
The brake power of an engine can be obtained accurately using dynamometer.
From equation and
we will get
Since m and ip are difficult to obtain, they may be combined and replace by a brake mean effective pressure pb.

23. BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Generally we define efficiency as
For IC engine, the actual output is brake power and the input is the chemical energy of the fuel supplied
The value of NKR is a standard value. For diesel, NKR = 45.5 MJ and for petrol, NKR = 44.2 MJ

24. INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Indicated thermal efficiency is defined as
If we divide bt with it

25. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
It is defined as mass flow rate of fuel per unit power output.
It is a criterion of economical power production

26. EXAMPLE 5.5
Based of the data given, determine the brake power, brake mean effective pressure, brake thermal efficiency and sfc.
Type of engine = 4 cylinder, 4 stroke petrol engine
Bore = 55 mm
Stroke = 100 mm
Engine speed = 3500 rpm
Torque arm, r = 0.45 m
Net brake load = 160 N
Mass rate (fuel) = kg/s
NKR = 44.2 MJ

27. 5.5 OTHER TYPE OF ENGINE TESTING-MORSE TEST
Since it is very difficult to obtain indicated power, Morse Test is introduce to give alternative solution.
The test is suitable for multi cylinder engine.
Testing procedures:
Engine is set to run at certain speed, N and torque is measured
One cylinder is cut out by shorting the plug.
When the speed falls, load is reduced to restore the engine speed.
The torque is measured again.
The plug is placed back and another cylinder is cut out by shorting its plug.
Speed is again restored and torque is again measured.
The procedures is repeated until all cylinder is simultaneously cut out.

28. MORSE TEST
If it is a 4 cylinder engine:
When cylinders are cut off

29. MORSE TEST Subtracting the equations, for cylinder 1
So for each cylinder,
Then for the engine

30. EXAMPLE 5.5
A Morse test is carried out to a 4 cylinder, 4 stroke petrol engine. Based on the data given, determine the mechanical efficiency of the engine:
W = 120N
W1-off = 86.8N
W2-off = 81.4N
W3-off = 88.6N
W4-off = 82.1N