2. The Saigon CTT Semester 1 CHAPTER 10 Wael Yousif

3. The Saigon CTT  Content IP Address Classes. Subnetting and Creating a Subnet. Network Layer and Path Determination. IP Address within the IP Header.

4. The Saigon CTT IP ADDRESS CLASSES

5. The Saigon CTT  IP network address Network layer addresses are 32 bits long. The are presented as four octets in dotted decimal format. The IP address has two components: Network ID and Host ID.

6. The Saigon CTT  IP address format

7. The Saigon CTT  Binary and decimal conversion

8. The Saigon CTT  Why we need to know B-D conversion Use of calculators is discouraged for one simple reason : No calculators are allowed on the CCNA exam.

9. The Saigon CTT  Fast conversion

10. The Saigon CTT  Exercise: DEC – BIN 203 11001011

11. The Saigon CTT  Exercise: BIN – DEC 10100010 162

12. The Saigon CTT  Network ID and host ID Network ID : –Assigned by Internet Network Information Center. –Assigned by upper organization. –Identifies the network to which a devices is attached. Host ID : –Assigned by a network administrator. –Identifies the specific device on that network.

13. The Saigon CTT  Bits on the IP address Network Bits : –Identifies network ID –Identifies class of the IP address –All of host bits are 0 Host Bits : –Identifies host ID –All of bits are 0: reserved for network address –All of bits are 1: reserved for broadcast address

14. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes Different class addresses reserve different amounts of bits for the Network and Host portions of the address Provide the flexibility required to support different size networks

15. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Class A

16. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Class A The first bit of a Class A address is always 0. The first 8 bits to identify the network part of the address. Possible network address from 1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0. The remaining three octets can be used for the host portion of the address. Each class A network have up to 16,777,214 possible IP addresses.

17. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Class B

18. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Class B The first 2 bits of a Class B address is always 10. The first two octets to identify the network part of the address. Possible network address from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0. The remaining two octets can be used for the host portion of the address. Class B network have up to 65.534 possible IP addresses.

19. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Class C

20. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Class C The first 3 bits of a Class C address is always 110. The first three octets to identify the network part of the address. Possible network address from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0. The remaining last octet can be used for the host portion of the address. Class C network have up to 254 possible IP addresses.

21. The Saigon CTT  IP address classes: Summary 1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0 : Class A. 127.0.0.0 : Loopback network. 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0 : Class B. 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0 : Class C. 224.0.0.0 < 240.0.0.0 : Class D, multicast. >= 240.0.0.0 : Class E, reserved.

22. The Saigon CTT  Network address Network address provide a convenient way to refer to all of the addresses on a particular network or subnetwork. Two hosts with differing network address require a device, typically a router, in order to communicate. An IP address that ends with binary 0s in all host bits is reserved for the network address.

23. The Saigon CTT  Broadcast address Broadcast goes to every host with a particular network ID number. An IP address that ends with binary 1s in all host bits is reserved for the directed broadcast address. An IP address with binary 1s in all network bits and host bits is reserved for the local broadcast address.

24. The Saigon CTT  Local broadcast address STOP 255.255.255.255

25. The Saigon CTT  Directed broadcast address Broadcast address 192.168.20.0 192.168.20.255

26. The Saigon CTT  Example: 172.16.20.200 172.16.20.200 is Class B address Network portion: 172.16 Host portion: 20.200 Network address: 172.16.0.0 Broadcast address: 172.16.255.255

27. The Saigon CTT  Private addresses According to RFC-1918. Organizations make use of the private Internet address space for hosts that require IP connectivity within their enterprise network, but do not require external connections to the global Internet. Class A: 10.0.0.0. Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0. Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.0.

28. The Saigon CTT  Preparation for LAB 10.4: IP address classes. Lab companion: –10.4.1.

29. The Saigon CTT  Lab 10.4.1: Step 1 Review IP address classes and their characteristics.

30. The Saigon CTT  Lab 10.4.1: Step 2 1.What is the decimal and binary range of the first octet of class B IP addresses? –Decimal: 128 – 191 –Binary: 10000000 – 10111111 2.Which octet(s) represent the network portion of a class C IP address? –The first three octets 3.Which octet(s) represent the host portion of a class A IP address? –The last three octets

31. The Saigon CTT  Lab 10.4.1: Step 3 Host IP Address Address Class Network Address Host Address Broadcast Address 218.14.55.137 123.1.1.15 150.127.221.244 194.125.35.199 175.12.239.244 C 218.14.55137218.14.55.255 A 1231.1.15123.255.255.255 B 150.127221.244150.127.255.255 C 194.125.35199194.125.35.255 B 175.12239.244175.12.255.255

32. The Saigon CTT  Lab 10.4.1: Step 4 – Valid address 150.100.255.255 175.100.255.18 195.234.253.0 100.0.0.23 188.258.221.176 127.34.25.189 224.156.217.73

33. The Saigon CTT  Review Classes of IP address and range of IP on each class. Determine network portion and host portion in a IP address. Understand about broadcast addresses. Understand about valid host address. Binary and Decimal conversion.

34. The Saigon CTT SUBNETTING AND CREATING A SUBNET

35. The Saigon CTT  Why we need to divide network? Network administrators sometimes need to divide networks, especially large ones, into smaller networks: –Reduce the size of a broadcast domain. –Improve network security. –Implement the hierarchical managements. So we need more network addresses for your network. But I want the outside networks see our network as a single network.

36. The Saigon CTT  Divide network by three

37. The Saigon CTT  Subnetting Subnetworks are smaller divisions of network. Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, or Class C network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field. To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion and designates them as the subnet field. Subnet addresses are assigned locally, usually by a network administrator.

38. The Saigon CTT –Number of subnets created = 2 ^ (Number of bits borrowed from the host section) –Number of subnets Available = 2 ^ (Number of bits borrowed from the host section) – 2 –Number of hosts created per subnet = 2 ^ (Number of bits remaining under the host section) –Number of hosts available per subnet = 2 ^ (Number of bits remaining from the host section) – 2  What are the rules?

39. The Saigon CTT  How many bits can I borrow? The minimum bits you can borrow is:  2 bits. The maximum bits you can borrow is:  A: 22 bits ~ 2 22 - 2 = 4.194.302 subnets.  B: 14 bits ~ 2 14 - 2 = 16.382 subnets.  C: 06 bits ~ 2 06 - 2 = 62 subnets.

40. The Saigon CTT Two addresses are reserved for the following: –Network Identifier. –Network Broadcast Address. What is a network Identifier –The first IP address in a network, Known as the cable identifier, Represents the entire network, All host bits are turned off (0s). What is a Broadcast Address? –The last IP address in a network, used to communicate with all the hosts in the network, All host bits are turned On (1s).  Why are we loosing 2?

41. The Saigon CTT –Loosing IPs. –The outside world does not have any knowledge of our Subnetting plan. How can we fix those two problems? –Loosing IPs.  Router Configuration. –Subnetting Plan.  –Subnetmask  Subnetting Challenges!!

42. The Saigon CTT What is a Subnetmask –Special 32-bit number that, when combined (Logically Anded) with a device’s IP address, determines which network and subnetwork that particular device belongs to. For an external host to communicate with 166.144.63.12, the router will need to interpret the Subnetmask Information.

43. The Saigon CTT  Subnet mask “Extended Network Prefix”. Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field. 32 bits long. Divided into four octets. Network and Subnet portions all 1’s. Host portions all 0’s.

44. The Saigon CTT –All bits under the network and subnetwork sections are turned on (1s). What is Default Subnetmask? –The subnet mask that will be used if you do not specify one in your TCP/IP configuration. 255.0.0.0 for Class A 255.255.0.0 for Class B 255.255.255.0 for Class C  How is the Subnet Mask Is Written in Binary?

45. The Saigon CTT  Subnetting How would your subnet mask look if you borrow 3 host bits from class C network??

46. The Saigon CTT  Subnet mask: Example 172.16.65.100 / 255.255.240.0. 10101100.00010000.01000001.01100100. 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000. 10101100.00010000.01000001.01100100. Class B network: –16 bits for network portion. –4 bits for subnet portion. –12 bits for host portion. Subnet address: 172.16.64.0.

47. The Saigon CTT Combination of software and hardware that enable two different network segments to exchange data. –The IP address of a router’s port through which a network is connected to the router. –Every device has a default gateway.  What is a Gateway?

48.  Case 1 1.Suppose you are given the IP address 195.5.5.0 and wish to connect Springfield and Bedrock to Southpark. Create an IP addressing scheme that will meet the following requirements: –A: Each subnet must support between 25 and 30 devices. –B: You must have enough subnets to address each network. i.What is the subnet mask for this network? ii.What is the broadcast address of the 3 rd subnet? iii.On the diagram, assign a subnet address to each network and give each router interface an appropriate IP address for that network.

49. The Saigon CTT  Case 2 Given the IP address 199.199.199.172 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192. Answer the following: a.What is the subnet address of the network containing the given IP address? b.What is the broadcast address of the network containing the given IP address? c.How many bits were borrowed? d.How many subnets have been created? e.How many host address per subnet?

50. The Saigon CTT  Boolean algebra review Boolean operators: –AND. –OR. –NOT.

51. The Saigon CTT  AND operator 1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

52. The Saigon CTT  OR operator 1 OR 1 = 1 1 OR 0 = 1 0 OR 1 = 1 0 OR 0 = 0

53. The Saigon CTT  NOT operator NOT 1 = 0 NOT 0 = 1

54. The Saigon CTT  Boolean algebra examples 1010 AND 0110 = 0010 1010 OR 0110 = 1110

55. The Saigon CTT  Why we need to know Boolean ops? Network layer performs the Boolean operations in order to find the network ID of a subnet Example: –172.16.65.100 AND 255.255.240.0 –Network address: 172.16.64.0 IP Address AND Subnet Mask = Network and Subnet address

56. The Saigon CTT  Subnetting example Given network 172.16.0.0. We need 8 usable subnets and up to 1000 hosts on each subnet.

57. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet 1.Determine the class of network and default subnet mask. 2.Determine how many bits to borrow. Determine the subnet mask and the actual number of subnets and hosts. 3.Determine the ranges of host address for each subnet. Choose the subnets that you want to use.

58. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 1 Determine the Class of network  Class B Determine the default subnet mask  255.255.0.0

59. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 2 Number of subnets <= 2 n - 2 with n is number of bits that are borrowed. Number of hosts <= 2 m - 2 with m is number of bits that are remained. Determine how many bits to borrow from the host portion from requirement: –8 subnets. –1000 hosts on each subnet.

60. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 2 (Cont.) Choose n = 4: –Number of possible subnets is: 2 4 - 2 = 14 –Number of possible hosts on each subnet is: 2 (16-4) - 2 = 4094 Other choice n = 5, n = 6 ?

61. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 2 (Cont.)  The subnet mask: 255.255.240.0.

62. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 Determine the subnets and the ranges of host address for each subnet. Including:  Sub-network addresses  Range of usable IP addresses  Sub-network broadcast addresses

63. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 (Cont.) Determine the subnets from 4 borrowed bits from the host portion (last 2 bytes): 1 st subnet:.00000000.00000000 2 nd subnet:.00010000.00000000 3 rd subnet:.00100000.00000000 … 15 th subnet:.11110000.00000000

64. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 (Cont.) No Sub-network address Possible host address Broadcast address Use ? 0172.16.0.0172.16.0.1 – 172.16.15.254172.16.15.255N 1172.16.16.0172.16.16.1 – 172.16.31.254172.16.31.255Y 2172.16.32.0172.16.32.1 – 172.16.47.254172.16.47.255Y.. 13172.16.208.0172.16.208.1 – 172.16.223.254172.16.223.255Y 14172.16.224.0172.16.224.1 – 172.16.239.254172.16.239.255Y 15172.16.240.0172.16.240.1 – 172.16.255.254172.16.255.255N

65. The Saigon CTT  Calculating a subnet: STEP 3 (Cont.) Using subnets No.1 to No.8. Assign IP addresses to hosts and interfaces on each network. IP address configuration.

66. The Saigon CTT  Addresses are loose by subnetting. Network administrator must strike a balance between the number of subnets required, the hosts per subnet that is acceptable, and the resulting waste of addresses.

67. The Saigon CTT  Review Why we need to divide a network. What is the subnetting. What is the subnet mask. How to create subnet addresses.

68. The Saigon CTT  Teaching topology (10.7.6) Workgroup

69. The Saigon CTT NETWORK LAYER AND PATH DETERMINATION

70. The Saigon CTT  A network layer. Why?

71. The Saigon CTT  Network layer Segment network and control flow of traffic. Move data through a set of networks. Logical Addressing, use a hierarchical addressing scheme.

72. The Saigon CTT  Network segmentation. Why?

73. The Saigon CTT  Network segmentation Control network traffics and reduce broadcast traffics. Separate computer networks is managed by a single administration - Autonomous systems.

74. The Saigon CTT  Communication among networks Networks operate in much the same manner.

75. The Saigon CTT  Router Routers connect separate networks. Routers make best path decisions based on Layer 3 information. Routers actually switch packets from incoming ports to appropriate outgoing ports.

76. The Saigon CTT  Data relaying

77. The Saigon CTT  Path determination Path determination is the process that the router uses to choose the next hop in the path for the packet to travel to its destination based on the link bandwidth, hop, delay...

78. The Saigon CTT  Network layer addressing Network address + Host address: Hierarchical Addressing Schemes.

79. The Saigon CTT  Flat Addressing Scheme 1 2 3 4 5 6 AB 1 – A 1 2 – A 2 3 – A 3 1 – A 2 – A 3 – A 4 – B 5 – B 6 – B

80. The Saigon CTT  Hierarchical Addressing Scheme A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 AB 1 – A 1 2 – A 2 3 – A 3 A – Local B – Switch to B

81. The Saigon CTT  Hierarchical Addressing Scheme International Gateway Domestic Switch Local Switch 84 8 9321044

82. The Saigon CTT  Network address The network address helps the router identify a path within the network cloud. The router uses the network address to identify the destination network of a packet within an internetwork. Network address is assigned by higher- level administrator. Host address is assigned manually or automatically by manager of that network.

83. The Saigon CTT  Review Why it’s necessary to have a network layer. Why we need to segment networks. What are the roles of router in network. Compare flat and hierarchical addressing schemes.

84. The Saigon CTT IP ADDRESS WITHIN THE IP HEADER

85. The Saigon CTT  Network layer datagram At the network layer, the data is encapsulated within packets (also known as datagrams). Packet includes header - addressing and other control information - and actual data - whatever is passed down from the higher layers.

86. The Saigon CTT  IP header format

87. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Version 4 bits. Indicates the version of IP currently used. –IPv4 : 0100 –IPv6 : 0110 4 bits. Indicates the version of IP currently used. –IPv4 : 0100 –IPv6 : 0110

88. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Header length 4 bits. IP header length : Indicates the datagram header length in 32 bit words (4 bits), and thus points to the beginning of the data. 4 bits. IP header length : Indicates the datagram header length in 32 bit words (4 bits), and thus points to the beginning of the data.

89. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Service type 8 bits. Specifies the level of importance that has been assigned by a particular upper-layer protocol. Precedence. Reliability. Speed. 8 bits. Specifies the level of importance that has been assigned by a particular upper-layer protocol. Precedence. Reliability. Speed.

90. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Total length 16 bits. Specifies the length of the entire IP packet, including data and header, in bytes. 16 bits. Specifies the length of the entire IP packet, including data and header, in bytes.

91. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Identification 16 bits. Identification contains an integer that identifies the current datagram. Assigned by the sender to aid in assembling the fragments of a datagram. 16 bits. Identification contains an integer that identifies the current datagram. Assigned by the sender to aid in assembling the fragments of a datagram.

92. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Flags 3 bits. The second bit specifying whether the packet can be fragmented. The last bit specifying whether the packet is the last fragment in a series of fragmented packets. 3 bits. The second bit specifying whether the packet can be fragmented. The last bit specifying whether the packet is the last fragment in a series of fragmented packets.

93. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Fragment offset 13 bits. The field that is used to help piece together datagram fragments. The fragment offset is measured in units of 8 octets (64 bits). The first fragment has offset zero. 13 bits. The field that is used to help piece together datagram fragments. The fragment offset is measured in units of 8 octets (64 bits). The first fragment has offset zero.

94. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Time to Live 8 bits. Time-to-Live maintains a counter that gradually decreases to zero, at which point the datagram is discarded, keeping the packets from looping endlessly. 8 bits. Time-to-Live maintains a counter that gradually decreases to zero, at which point the datagram is discarded, keeping the packets from looping endlessly.

95. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Protocol 8 bits. Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets after IP processing has been completed 06 : TCP 17 : UDP 8 bits. Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets after IP processing has been completed 06 : TCP 17 : UDP

96. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Header checksum 16 bits. A checksum on the header only, helps ensure IP header integrity. 16 bits. A checksum on the header only, helps ensure IP header integrity.

97. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Addresses 32 bits each. Source IP Address Destination IP Address 32 bits each. Source IP Address Destination IP Address

98. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Options Variable length. Allows IP to support various options, such as security, route, error report... Variable length. Allows IP to support various options, such as security, route, error report...

99. The Saigon CTT  IP header format: Padding The header padding is used to ensure that the internet header ends on a 32 bit boundary.

100. The Saigon CTT  Homework www.ietf.org and RFC-760. Groups presentations: –Internet Protocol Overview. –Packet fragment fields. –Type of services field. –Option field.

101. The Saigon CTT  Review Detail of IP packet header.

102. The Saigon CTT  Preparation for LAB Lab companion: –10.6.6. –10.7.5. –10.7.7.

103. The Saigon CTT