1. Preface Reading Achievement and English Language Learners ESL (ELLs) The Consequences of Failing to Learn to Read Disappearing Students and Declining Reading Scores How to Navigate this Book

2. What’s wrong with ESL (ELL)? There term ESL (ELL), or whatever, is inadequate to describe the human beings it labels.

3. ESL(ELL) Students Each of the following descriptors include infants, children, teens, young adults, older adults, very mature adults

4. 0-Level English 0-level English - 0-level L1 literacy (no school) 0-level English - L1 literacy background (basic literacy skills) 0-level English - L1 literacy, including academic literacy 0-level English - advanced (graduate level) literacy and academic background

5. Very Limited English very-limited (beginning) English - 0-level L1 literacy (no school) very-limited (beginning) English - L1 literacy background (basic literacy skills) very-limited (beginning) English - L1 literacy, including academic literacy very-limited (beginning) English - advanced (graduate level) L1 literacy and academic background

6. Limited Fluency English limited fluency (intermediate) English - 0- level L1 literacy (no school) limited fluency (intermediate) English - L1 literacy background (basic literacy skills) limited fluency (intermediate) English - L1 literacy, including academic literacy limited fluency (intermediate) English - advanced (graduate level) L1 literacy and academic background

7. Diversity Human beings vary in age ESL(ELL) students may be 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 40, 60, 80 ESL(ELL) students may have no school background at all and vary from 2 to 80 ESL(ELL) students may be zero-level English or English fluent and vary from 2 to 80

8. The ESL(ELL) Acronym It’s unfair to group all of these students into one category The term is often used as a pejorative meaning someone who slows down a class and makes learning difficult for others

9. The Serious Problem Leaners included in the category ESL(ELL) are often viewed negatively Those included in the category often feel they are “in a ghetto” D’Silva refers to inclusion in this category as “Perpetually Perceived Deficit Model” (PPDF)

10. PPDM Once students do succeed, they leave the category and their scores no longer count As a result, overall ESL scores never improve.

11. Some ESL Terms ESL (TESL) L1, L2, L3, L4 (etc.) ELL EAL (TEAL) ESOL (TESOL) EFL (TEFL)

12. More ESL Terms Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS) – 2 to 3 years Academic Language Proficiency (ALP) – 5 to 7 years (Also CALP) Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP)

13. Reading Achievement and English Language Learners ESL (ELLs)