1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 5 Skeletal Physiology I. Skeletal Overview Tissues: Cartilage & Bone Bone Function Classification of Bones Long Bone Structure Microscopic View of Bone

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage Location and basic structure Found throughout adult body Ear and nose Articular cartilages and costal cartilage Larynx and epiglottis Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilage Is abundant in embryo Is surrounded by perichondrium Consists primarily of water Resilient tissue – springs back to original shape

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cartilage Hyaline cartilage – (glass) – most abundant cartilage Provides support through flexibility Elastic cartilage – contains many elastic fibers Able to tolerate repeated bending Fibrocartilage – resists strong compression and strong tension An intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilages in the Adult Body Figure 6.1

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Growth of Cartilage Appositional growth Chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage Interstitial growth Chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones Organs that contain several types of tissues Dominated by bone connective tissue Contain nervous tissue and blood tissue Contain cartilage in articular cartilages Contain epithelial tissue lining blood vessels

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of Bones Support – provides hard framework Protection of underlying organs Movement – skeletal muscles use bones as levers Mineral storage – reservoir for important minerals Hemopoiesis- Blood-cell formation – bone contains red marrow

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Long bones – longer than wide – a shaft plus ends Short bones – roughly cube-shaped Flat bones – thin and flattened, usually curved Irregular bones – various shapes, do not fit into other categories

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Bones Figure 6.2

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of Bones Compact bone – dense outer layer of bone Spongy (cancellous) bone – internal network of bone

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of a Typical Long Bone F. 5-1 Diaphysis – “shaft” of a bone Epiphysis – ends of a bone Blood vessels – well vascularized Medullary cavity – hollow cavity – filled with marrow Membranes – periosteum and endosteum

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of a Long Bone Figure 6.3a-c

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones Figure 6.4

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy of Bones Bone design and stress Anatomy of a bone reflects stresses Compression and tension greatest at external surfaces Figure 6.5a

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Structure of Compact Bones F. 5-2 & 5-3 Figure 6.6a, b