1. BRAIN DRAIN IssuesResearch Policies + Interventions Caglar Ozden DECRG January 2007

2. Brain Drain Issues Growth + Development + Investment Role of Human Capital Lost Positive Externalities Key Public Services Medical Services Education + R&D Fiscal Impact Expenditure + Lost tax Revenue

3. Brain Drain Issues Are there no benefits? Remittances?? Technology transfer Return + Circular Migration Integration w/ Global Economy Other Diaspora externalities

4. Brain Drain Issues Million Dollar Question Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not migrate?

5. Brain Drain Research Most Comprehensive Database to Date (2005) Data from 190+ countries 3 Education levels Both 1990 & 2000 New Extensions Place of Education Gender 1970 + 1980 Specific Professions - Medicine

6. Brain Drain Share of Educated Population Living Abroad 00.10.20.30.40.5 North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East/North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia South Asia South America Central America Caribbean

7. Brain Drain 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Small Countries (<650K) MedianLarge Countries (>30M) Share of Population Living Abroad Total Tertiary educated

8. Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Caribbean Countries 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% BarbadosDominicaDominican Republic GrenadaJamaicaSaint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Brain Drain

10. Share of Educated Labor Force Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% GambiaGhanaKenyaMadagascarNigerNigeriaSenegalUgandaZimbabwe Brain Drain

11. Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% GambiaGhanaKenyaMadagascarNigerNigeriaSenegalUgandaZimbabwe TotalTertiary educated Brain Drain

12. Migrants from Developing Countries in 2000 (Mil.) OthersTertiary 0 5 10 15 20 25 Australia+CanadaEuropeUSA 20% 41% 57%

13. Migrants to US by Age of Migration, 2000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% MexicoColombiaHaitiEl SalvadorChinaPhilippinesIndiaPolandEgyptNigeria 0-1112-1718-21 Brain Drain

14. Migrants to France by Age of Migration, 1990 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% MoroccoTunisiaCote d'IvoireSenegalNigerTurkeyPolandAlbania 0-1112-1718-21 Brain Drain

15. Physicians’ Emigration Rates to OECD Countries Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Gambia, TheGhanaKenyaMadagascarNigerNigeriaSenegalUgandaZimbabwe Brain Drain

16. Physicians' Emigration Rates to OECD Countries Selected Caribbean Countries 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% BarbadosDominicaDominican RepublicGrenadaJamaicaSaint Kitts and Nevis Trinidad and Tobago Brain Drain

17. Brain Waste Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90% Kenya China India Russia United Kingdom Guatemala Mexico

18. Brain Drain Research Brain Gain + Brain Waste Brain Drain + Small States Brain Drain + Economic Growth Medical Brain Drain + HIV in Africa GHANA HEALTH SYSTEM REFORM

19. Brain Drain Policies + Interventions Do we really have a problem? small + isolated countries Large developing countries Europe + Japan? Fiscal Impact Bhagwati Tax? Turkish Military Service Exemption (if you pay!) Private Education a la the Philippines?

20. Brain Drain Policies + Interventions Educational Reform Private education Mandatory service Restrictions on mobility Services Delivery Reforming labor markets Healthcare services in Africa

21. Brain Drain Policies + Interventions Destination Country Policies Should Britain limit recruitment of nurses from Africa? Mutual Recognition of Diplomas Citizenship Policies Multilateral Policy Coordination Trade in Service – why can’t the patient travel? Temporary migration policies Linkages with goods trade and FDI

22. Brain Drain Issues Million Dollar Question Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not migrate?