1. Basic Writing Skills Science Workshop 1pm Tuesday March 6 th Department of Biological Sciences

2. Science Essay Purpose: is to use what is known about a subject to prove an argument or point of view. Not all of the knowledge of a topic may be used in an essay, but only what is relevant to the argument. In an essay, mentioning the people who discovered or developed the knowledge is generally only for referencing purposes.

3. Science Essay Structure: This is what helps students to organize the argument, making best use of the evidence gathered. The required elements of the final work to be submitted are listed here. 1.Introduction 2.Body (can use subheadings) 3.Conclusion  Reference list

4. Science Essay The intro should state the argument or proposition, place the question in a scientific context, and outline how you intend to approach the topic. The main task is writing the body of the essay, which should be presented in the form of a reasoned argument. The form of this varies with the subject of the essay, but as the argument develops, it should be clear to the reader what relevant evidence has been discovered, where/how it has been discovered and how it supports the argument. In most subjects, sub- headings within the main body of the essay will help the reader to understand the argument (and will also help you to keep on track). The conclusion should restate the purpose of the essay, summarise the points made, state your conclusion and reason for that conclusion clearly and concisely. Reference list should list only the sources used in the essay.

5. Literature Review Purpose: designed to be a critical analysis of all the knowledge that has been discovered about a subject. Its purpose is to examine all that others have already discovered about the subject. In a lit review, researchers working on the subject are considered to be key.

6. Literature Review Structure: Often still has an intro, body and conclusion. However, the organisation/order of information within the body is much stricter. 1.General to specific 2.Chronological 3.Methodological 4.Thematic

7. Scientific Report/Paper Purpose: to report novel results, usually empirical, and to relate those results to previous knowledge in the field. A well-written scientific paper explains the scientist's motivation for doing an experiment, the experimental design and execution, and the meaning of the results.

8. Scientific Report/Paper Structure: written in a style that is exceedingly clear and concise. 1.Abstract 2.Introduction 3.Methods 4.Results 5.Discussion  Reference list

9. Scientific Report/Paper 1. Abstract (200-300 word summary) should factually describe the purpose, techniques, results and implications. no details of methods it should grab attention should be written last

10. Scientific Report/Paper 2. Introduction places the study in the context of previous research states why the topic is important or useful explains any abbreviations starts with the big picture and ends with the specifics of the current study

11. Scientific Report/Paper 3. Methods sets out what you did (usually in sequence) explains how you did it indicates what materials/equipment you used reader should be able to replicate the study easiest section to write, can be started before end of experiment

12. Scientific Report/Paper 4. Results presents what you found usually includes graphs and tables of data should be presented as simply as possible should contain only factual information (i.e. statistical tests) but no discussion no raw data!!

13. Scientific Report/Paper 5. Discussion should begin by summarising the main findings explains what the results mean, particularly in relation to the intro indicates whether the results were consistent with expectations draws conclusions and suggests areas for future study start small and finish with the big picture

14. Scientific Report/Paper Other more informal sections…. Conclusion: restates the main results and explains their significance. Acknowledgements: acknowledges significant assistance plus financial support. References: provides a list of sources of information that have actually been cited within the report. Should follow the referencing conventions of the unit/journal. Endnote is great!

15. Writing skills help Academic Communication in Science: http://www.handbook.mq.edu.au/2012/Units /UGUnit/ACSC100 (for credit) http://www.handbook.mq.edu.au/2012/Units /UGUnit/ACSC100 Academic Literacy: Undergraduate Writing Skills Program 2012 (not for credit)Undergraduate Writing Skills Program 2012 Monash University LLOnline: Writing in ScienceWriting in Science