1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii The Muscular System

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Describe the arrangement of fascicles in various muscle types and explain the resulting functional differences. Describe the classes of levers and how they relate to muscle function. Predict the actions of muscles based on their origins and insertions.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Learning Objectives Explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movement. Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance or function. Identify the principle axial and appendicular muscles of the body, including origin, insertion, action, and innervation.

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 11-1 Muscle Organization and Function

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Includes all skeletal muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily Muscular system

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organization of skeletal muscle fibers Parallel muscle Convergent muscle Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate Circular muscle (sphincter)

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.1 Figure 11.1 Different Arrangements of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rigid structure that moves on a fixed point, the fulcrum Changes direction and strength of applied force Changes distance and speed of movement Three classes First class Second class Third class Most common in the body Levers Animation: First, Second and Third-Class Levers PLAY

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2 The Three Classes of Levers Figure 11.2a

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2 The Three Classes of Levers Figure 11.2b

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2 The Three Classes of Levers Figure 11.2c

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 11-2 Muscle Terminology

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles can be identified by origin, insertion and action Origin = stationary end Insertion = movable end Origins and Insertions

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles can be classified by action Agonist (prime mover) Antagonist Synergist Fixator Actions

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Names give clues to muscle characteristics Location Fascicle organization Relative position Structure Size Shape Origin and insertion Action Names of skeletal muscles

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axial musculature arises on axial skeleton Positions head and spinal column and moves the rib cage Appendicular musculature moves and stabilizes components of the appendicular skeleton Axial and Appendicular Muscles

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.3 Figure 11.3 An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.3 Figure 11.3 An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 11-3 The Axial Muscles

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Logical groupings based on location and/or function Head and neck Vertebral column Oblique and rectus muscles Pelvic floor Axial muscles

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial expression muscles Orbicularis oris Buccinator Occipitofrontalis muscles Platysma Muscles of the head and neck

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.4 Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11.4a

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.4 Muscles of Facial Expression Figure 11.4b

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Inferior and superior rectus muscles Lateral and medial rectus muscles Inferior and superior oblique muscles Extrinsic eye muscles (oculomotor or extra-ocular muscles)

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.5 Extrinsic Eye Muscles Figure 11.5

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Masseter muscles Temporalis muscles Pterygoid muscles Muscles of mastication

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.6 Muscles of Mastication Figure 11.6

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genioglossus Hypoglossus Palatoglossus Styloglossus Muscles of the tongue (speech, swallowing and mastication)

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.7 Muscles of the Tongue Figure 11.7

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pharyngeal constrictors Laryngeal elevators Palatal muscles Muscle of the pharynx

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.8 Muscles of the Pharynx Figure 11.8

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control the position of the larynx Depress the mandible Provide a foundation for the muscles of the tongue Digastric and sternocleidomastoid muscles Seven muscles that originate or insert on the hyoid Muscle of the neck Animation: Muscles of the head and neck PLAY

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial muscles of the spine Spinalis Longissimus Iliocostalis Muscles of the vertebral column

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.9 Muscles of the Anterior Neck Figure 11.9

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neck region Longus capitus Longus colli Lumbar region Quadratus lumborum Muscles of the vertebral column

36. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.10 Muscles of the Vertebral Column Figure 11.10

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oblique Scalene muscles Intercostal muscles Transverses muscles External and internal intercostals Diaphragm Oblique and rectus muscles

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.11 Figure 11.11 Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Perineum Anterior urogenital triangle Posterior anal triangle Pelvic floor Urogenital diaphragm Pelvic diaphragm Muscles of the pelvic floor Animation: Muscles of the vertebral column and pelvic floor PLAY

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.12 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Figure 11.12a

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.12 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor Figure 11.12b

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 11-4 The Appendicular Muscles

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trapezius muscles Affect the position of the shoulder girdle, head and neck Muscles inserting on the scapula Rhomboid muscles Levator scapulae muscles Serratus anterior muscles Subclavius muscles Pectoralis minor muscles Muscles of the shoulders and upper arms

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.13a Figure 11.13 An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.13b Figure 11.13 An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.14a Figure 11.14 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle

47. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.14b Figure 11.14 Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle

48. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adductors Deltoid muscles Supraspinatus muscles Medial rotators Subscapularis muscles Teres major muscles Lateral rotation Infraspinatus muscles Teres minor muscles Shoulder muscles

49. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.15 Muscles that Move the Arm Figure 11.15a

50. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.15 Muscles that Move the Arm Figure 11.15b

51. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flexion and adduction Coracobrachialis Flexion of the shoulder joint Pectoralis major muscles Extension of the shoulder joint Latissimus dorsi muscles More shoulder movements

52. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biceps brachii muscle Triceps brachii muscle Brachialis and brachioradialis flex the elbow Aconeus muscle extends the elbow Muscles that affect the elbow

53. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flexion of the wrist Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Extension of the wrist Extensor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Muscles that affect the wrist

54. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.16a Figure 11.16 Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand

55. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.16b Figure 11.16 Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand

56. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pronation of the forearm Pronator teres muscle Pronator quadratus muscle Supination of the forearm Supinator muscle Muscles that affect the forearm Animation: Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs PLAY

57. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.17a, b Figure 11.17 Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers

58. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.17c, d Figure 11.17 Muscles that Move the Hand and Fingers

59. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.18a Figure 11.18 Intrinsic that Move the Hand and Fingers

60. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.18b Figure 11.18 Intrinsic that Move the Hand and Fingers

61. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gluteal muscles cover the lateral surfaces of the ilia Gluteus maximus (shares an insertion with the tensor fasciae latea) Pulls on the iliotibial tract Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs

62. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.19 Muscles that Move the Thigh Figure 11.19a, c

63. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.19 Muscles that Move the Thigh Figure 11.19c, d

64. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Piriformis muscle Obturator muscles Adductors perform a variety of functions Lateral rotators of the leg

65. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed from the merging of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles Powerful flexor of the hip Iliopsoas muscle

66. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.20 Muscles that Move the Leg Figure 11.20a

67. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.20 Muscles that Move the Leg Figure 11.20b, c

68. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Quadriceps femoris Three vastus muscles Rectus femoris muscle Extensors of the knee Animation: Muscles of the lower limbs PLAY

69. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius muscle Soleus muscle Eversion and plantar flexion Fibularis muscle Foot position and toe movement is accomplished by muscles originating on the talus and metatarsal bones Movements at the ankle

70. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.21a, b Figure 11.21 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

71. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.21c, d Figure 11.21 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes

72. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.22 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Figure 11.22a

73. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The hamstrings Biceps femoris muscles Semimembranosus muscles Semitendinosis muscles Popliteus muscle unlocks the knee joint Flexors of the knee

74. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.22 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Figure 11.22b

75. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.22 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Figure 11.22c

76. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 11-5 Aging and the Muscular System

77. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Power and size of muscle tissue decrease Skeletal muscles undergo fibrolysis Tolerance for exercise decreases Repair of injuries slows With aging

78. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The arrangement of fascicles in various muscle types and explain the resulting functional differences. The classes of levers and how they relate to muscle function. The actions of muscles based on their origins and insertions. You should now be familiar with:

79. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How muscles interact to produce or oppose movement. How the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance or function. The principle axial and appendicular muscles of the body, including origin, insertion, action, and innervation. You should now be familiar with: