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Nigeria By Sonia Danon, Rebecca Zhang, Jamey Capolupo
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The Basics Capital: Abuja Population: 151.3 million Currency: Naira Major religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% 270,000 children with AIDS 95% of exports are petroleum related 853 km of coastline
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Precolonial Era (800- 1860) Trade connections – Niger River provides access to ocean Influence of Islam – Hausa contact and trade with north facilitates integration of Islamic principles Kinship-based Politics – in the South, political organization was usually at the village level Complexities – not all governing in north was centralized and not all governing in south was at the village level Democratic Principles – valued accountability
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Colonial Era (1860-1960) Authoritarian rule – in 1860, the British imposed indirect rule Interventionist State – led to citizens passively accepting the actions of their rulers Individualism – led to chiefs thinking about personal benefits of governance Christianity – increase in education and literacy but also intensified cleavages Intensification of Ethnic Politics – 3 main groups: Hausa- Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba
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The Era Since Independence (1960-present) Military Rule 1966 – Aguyi Ironsi, first military ruler 1976-70 – Biafran Civil War as a result of Aguyi Ironsi’s assassination 1979 – Olusegun Obasanjo willingly steps down for democratically elected president Shehu Shagari 1983 –Shagari forced out of office by military coup led by General Muhammed Buhari 1999 – democratic election brings Obasanjo back to power
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The Era Since Independence (1960-present) Presidential System – 1979 – popularly elected president, separate legislative branch, and independent judiciary Personalized Rule and Corruption – result of individualism Federalism – failed attempt to mollify ethnic tensions Economic Dependence on Oil – economy fluctuates with international oil market
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The Executive Branch President Goodluck Jonathan (since 9 February 2010) the president is both the chief of state and head of government became president on 5 May 2010 following the death of President Yar'Adua, was Acting President by 9 February 2010 (by the National Assembly) during Yar'Adua's illness
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The Executive Branch (continued) Cabinet Federal Executive Council Chief of State President Goodluck Jonathan (since 9 February 2010) - all appts approved by Senate
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The Legislative Branch Bicameral National Assembly: Senate (109 seats, 3 from each state plus 1 from Abuja; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) House of Representatives (360 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
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Judicial Branch Supreme Court - judges recommended by the National Judicial Council and appointed by the president Federal Court of Appeal - judges are appointed by the federal government from a pool of judges recommended by the National Judicial Council - 14 justices Justice Ayo Salami, Nigeria Court of Appeal President
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Political Parties PDP is dominating party since 1999 All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) - North Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) - South
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Legitimacy Prebendalism (patron-clientelism) - the use of favors and bribes to create a loyal system of patrons and clients Nigerian government and MOCs prosper, communities decline Imbalance in power
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Disunity: Politics
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Disunity: Ethnic
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Disunity: Wealth
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Disunity: Health
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Disunity: Literacy
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Disunity: Oil
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Political Culture Patron-clientelism – exchanging political favors State control and a rich civil society Tension between modernity and tradition Religious Conflict Geographic influence
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Discussion on Disunity Which aspect of their social or political culture do you think contributes most to their disunity? Ideally, should Nigeria be split based on ethnic divisions or should it remain unified? Do you think this is possible given Nigeria’s current state?
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2007 Election According to Nigeria's Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), the PDP won the election, with Umaru Yar'Adua as their candidate, in a landslide Intimidation Fabricated results Lack of secrecy Major setback for democracy
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Upcoming Elections Most expensive election in Africa’s history Main Issues: Security, Corruption, Electricity, Postponement, Violence 73.5 million registered voters (out of 151.3 million) - voting age is 18 9 April: Legislative elections - 109 senators 16 April: Presidential - 20 candidates April: State governors - 36 governors 54 parties Supposed to be held Jan 22
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Postponement 4/2/11 (Sat) to 4/4/11(Mon), NOW: 4/9/11(Sat) announced by Independent National Electoral Commission (Inec) head Attahiru Jega “logistical problems” - ex. absence of voting materials from many polling stations
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Violence High security - borders closed with limited road traffic allowed Ballot boxes being stolen Nigerian elections historically marked by violence Amnesty International: at least 20 people killed in election-related clash over last Deadly bomb blast on the morning of elections Security
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Postponement Discussion Do you think the delay of the elections is good or bad? Causes: Party logos and names not showing up on the ballot Materials not showing up Voter names not showing up on registration lists Effects: Ballots exposed due to postponement Voter intimidation (threatening/loitering by voting stations with guns/bribing) Parties station by voting area to control the votes
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Election Video http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2011/0 4/11/bs.purefoy.nigeria.election.cnn?iref=allsearch http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2011/0 4/11/bs.purefoy.nigeria.election.cnn?iref=allsearch
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Candidates 20 Presidential, 4 main contenders Muhammadu Buhari Goodluck Jonathan Nuhu Ribadu Ibrahim Shekarau
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Muhammadu Buhari Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) Age 68, Muslim from northern Nigeria Military ruler of Nigeria from 1984 to 1985 - deposed in a coup Poor human rights record Defeated in last 2 elections Depend on dissatisfied northern members of PDP for support
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Goodluck Jonathan People’s Democratic Party (PDP) became President after Yar’Adua ‘s death Christian from southern Ijaw ethnic group
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Nuhu Ribadu Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) former head of Nigeria’s anti-fraud police ( head of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission) ACN party boss Bola Tinubu taints image threatened by Yar’Adua’s presidency few clear policies on trade, power, the economy or education
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Ibrahim Shekarau All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) current governor of Kano State previously in education administration rejected polio vaccinations (attempts to make Muslim women infertile)
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Predictions Buhari’s biggest contender undermine PDP - tradition of alternating power Run-off election CPC and ACN even talk of producing joint northern candidate. Early indications of election votes’ counting show decline of PDP, the ruling party – slipping in power?
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Some Election Results 46 results out of 94 senatorial districts: ACN has 14 seats (30.4%), ANPP 1 seat (2.2%), APGA 1 seat (2.2%), CPC 3 seats (6.5%), LP 2 seats (4.3%), PDP 25 seats (54.3%)
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Results Cont’d 80 results have been gotten out of 315 constituencies: ACCORD has 3 seats (3.8%), ACN 23 seats (28.8%), APGA 2 seats (2.5%), CPC 5 seats (6.3%), LP 1 seat (1.3%), PDP 45 seats (56.3%), PPN 1 seat (1.3%)
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Discussion on Elections What do you think the 2011 election’s impact on the Nigerian people will be in terms of their vision of future democracy and the government’s legitimacy? Who do you think will win the presidential elections? How will the disunity of Nigeria play in the elections and future politics? Compare it to the democratic elections of other countries.
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