1. Iron & Manganese Micro-minerals called Trace minerals

2. Iron (FE) Iron is found in red blood cells, muscle tissue and other body cells. Sources of iron in food are liver, lean meats, fish, whole grains, and legums. Most commercial pet foods contain a form of Supplemental iron. Functions: To bind and transport oxygen and it plays a role in enzymatic reactions.

3. Iron Deficiency and Excess Deficiencies: Anemia, Weakness and poor growth and may also develop constipation. Types of Anemia: Microcytic- red blood cells are smaller than normal, Hypochromic- red blood cells are paler than normal Excess: Can cause Toxicity and gastrointestinal signs and death

4. Manganese (Mn) Found in Animal and plant foods like whole grains, seeds nuts, eggs, and green vegetables. It is supplemented in the diet. Function: component of enzymes, lipid and carb metabolism. It is necessary for bone development and neurologic function and cell membrane integrity.

5. Manganese Deficiency and Excess Deficiencies: Decreased growth and Impaired reproduction. It is rare in cats and dogs but can be found in newborn and young animals. Excess: Relatively non- toxic