1. One Gene One Enzyme

9. There is redundancy in the code but not ambiguity!

10. In prokaryotes, RNA is directly translated into the polypeptide

11. RNA in eukaryotes is processed before translation

12. Genes The DNA provides the instructions to make the protein RNA is the link between gene and protein DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for the protein

14. Transcription/Translation The DNA and RNA molecules are composed of nucleotide monomers. When converting from DNA to RNA you are simply transcribing the code from the language of DNA nucleotides to RNA nucleotides Proteins are “written” in the language of amino acids. When converting from RNA to protein we are translating from the nucleotide language to amino acid language

15. RNA In what ways are RNA molecules different from DNA? RNA is single stranded In RNA, uracil replaces thymine Nucleotides have ribose instead of deoxyribose In eukaryotes, RNA leaves the nucleus

16. The Genetic Code is Universal The code (A,U,C,G) is shared by all organisms CCG codes for what amino acid? This holds true for all species of living organisms. Bacteria, therefore can be programmed to synthesize human proteins by inserting human DNA

20. RNA splicing Removes noncoding regions called introns snRNP (short nuclear ribonucleoproteins) recognize the splicing signals that are at the ends of introns The RNA in the snRNP is called snRNA (small nuclear RNA) spliceosome is the larger protein assemby that surrounds the snRNP The spliceosome cuts and releases the introns, and then joins exons together

22. Evolutionary role of introns Introns may play regulatory role Different intron removal may lead to different proteins Introns may enhance crossing over between homologous regions by increasing the distance between exons

24. Messenger RNA consists of leader, reading frame, and trailer sequences.

25. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosomes during translation to be assembled into polypeptide chains.

26. Peptide Bonds Join Amino Acids

27. What are the functions of the 4 different types of RNA?

28. tRNA Assembly

29. Ribosomes, consist of two subunits, each of which contains rRNA and ribosomal proteins.

30. Initiation of Translation

32. Elongation

35. Termination

36. Revieweview

39. Polyribosomes