1. Protein Synthesis

2. Drill
What are three similarities and three differences between RNA and DNA?
What is DNA replication?

3. Which is which?
DNA RNA

4. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid
Double-stranded; double helix
Single-stranded
Nucleotide bases: A T G C
Nucleotide bases: A U G C
Only in nucleus of eukaryotes (in cytoplasm of prokaryotes)
In cytoplasm
Stores genetic information
Translated into amino acids which are then assembled into proteins
Organic molecules
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides are building blocks
Made up of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases

5. DNA Replication DNA makes a copy of itself Occurs in the nucleus
Original strand of DNA is “unzipped” by enzymes
Following the base pair rules for DNA (A  T, T  A, G  C, and C  G), each exposed strand is used as a template for a new complementary strand
Occurs in the nucleus

7. Objectives Define gene. Differentiate between the three types of RNA.
Explain how the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA direct protein formation.
State that proteins determine traits.

8. Key Questions What is a gene?
What are the roles of each molecule in protein formation?
Sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA
Three types of RNA
Enzymes
Amino acids
Ribosomes
What macromolecule determines traits?

9. Vocabulary Codon Gene mRNA tRNA rRNA Replication Transcription
Translation

10. Definition of Gene
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA
Albinism occurs when an organism produces little to no melanin (pigment) in the eyes, skin, and/or hair
There are at least 6 different genes involved in pigmentation (chromosome 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15)

11. Albino Reptiles and Amphibians

12. Albino Mammals

13. Parkinson’s Disease- chromosome 4

14. How are DNA sequences used to make proteins?
DNA's instructions are used to make proteins in a two-step process. First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA.

15. Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This language tells the cell's protein-making machinery the precise order in which to link the amino acids to produce a specific protein. This is a major task because there are 20 types of amino acids, which can be placed in many different orders to form a wide variety of proteins.

16. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)- RNA molecules that carry copies of instruction for making amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- make up ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)- transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA

17. How Proteins are Made Animation

18. Transcription
RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA (ATGC…) to a complementary sequence in RNA
During transcription, RNA polymerase (an enzyme) binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.

19. Base Pair Rules for Transcription
A  U
T  A
G  C
C  G
THERE IS NO THYMINE (T) IN RNA

20. Location of RNA RNA is formed in the nucleus
It leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm

21. Transcribe this strand of DNA
G T C A A T T T C G G C A T A C A G U U A A A G C C G U A U

22. Codons
Codons are groups of three consecutive RNA nucleotides that specify an amino acid
Ex: U G C

23. Codon Chart

24. Translation
In translation, the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins.
The codons from transcribed RNA are decoded and used to make amino acids. These amino acids are then used to make proteins.

25. Translate this strand of RNA
C A G U U A A A G C C G U A U
Glutamine Leucine Lysine Proline Tyrosine
Why are the nucleotides of RNA separated into these sections?

27. Ribosomes Make Proteins
The ribosomes assemble these amino acids into proteins.
Most genes contain nothing more than instructions for assembling proteins Proteins are the keys to almost anything that living cells do.

28. Other Activities Protein Synthesis Power Point with Notes
Billy Madison Activity
Bird Abuse Crime Lab Activity
DNA and Messenger RNA BCR
Crossword Puzzle
Deciphering Duck DNA
DNA to Amino Acid Notes
Protein Synthesis Quiz

29. Homework
Protein Synthesis Review Questions

30. Closure
List and explain the steps of protein synthesis.

31. HSA Practice
Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following segment:
TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC
Which of these is the messenger RNA code for this segment of DNA?
A     ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA   
B     TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC   
C     ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG   
D     UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC

32. This diagram shows the key steps for making proteins
This diagram shows the key steps for making proteins. In which step is messenger RNA being constructed?
A I
B II
C III
D IV

33. This diagram shows the key steps for making proteins
This diagram shows the key steps for making proteins. Which step involves transfer RNA?
A I
B II
C III
D IV

34. How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid?1 3 4 6

35. Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA sequence AGC-TAC-ACT?
A     UCG-AUG-UGA   
B     UCG-UAC-ACU   
C     TCG-ATG-TGA   
D     AGC-UAC-ACU