1. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
Module 4 The Brain
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

2. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
Nervous System
Nervous System
The communication system for the body
Two main divisions:
Central nervous system (CNS) the brain and the spinal cord. 1,400 grams weighs the human adult brain
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

3. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

4. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Two parts:
Somatic: voluntary activities
Autonomic: involuntary
Sympathetic – for emergencies
Parasympathetic – to calm the body; homeostasis
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

5. Not the Mind…but never “never mind the mind”.
The Brain
Not the Mind…but never “never mind the mind”.
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

6. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
Interesting Points
1/45th of our weight is brain.
Elephants: 1/600th
Marmosets: 1/25th
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

7. How do we know of the brain’s functions and parts?
Clinical observation – damaged parts.
Manipulate the brain – electrically, chemically, or magnetically stimulate or sedate.
EEG – electroencephlogram
CT scan – computed tomography
PET scan – positron emission tomography
MRI – magnetic resonance imaging
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

8. Lower - Level Brain Structures
The Brainstem
The Thalamus
The Cerebellum
The Limbic System
The Amygdala
The Hypothalamus
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

9. The Brainstem and Thalamus
BS –
Reticular formation “netlike” stimulated awake; severed coma
Thalmus gets all the info from senses cept smell
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

10. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
Cerebellum means “little brain” – non-verbal learning/ coordinates voluntary movement
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

11. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
The Limbic System
At the border = limbic
Hyppocampus – memory
Amygdala – aggression
Hypothalumus – hunger, thirst, sex drive, body temp, pleasure centre
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

12. The Major Endocrine Glands
Exploring in Modules, Module 3

13. Rat with an Implanted Electrode
Hypothalumus – pleasure centre
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

14. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
The Cerebral Cortex
Structures of the Cortex
Functions of the
Motor Functions
Sensory Functions
Association Functions
Language
Brain Reorganization
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

15. Subdivisions of the Cortex
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

16. Motor and Sensory Cortexes
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

17. Exploring in Modules, Module 4

18. Areas of the Cortex in Four Mammals
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

19. Specialization and Integration in Language
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

20. Brain Activity when Hearing, Seeing, and Speaking Words
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

21. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
Our Divided Brains
Splitting the Brain
Studying Hemispheric Differences in the Intact Brain
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

22. Exploring in Modules, Module 4
Right versus Left
Left Brain
Logical
Sequential
Rational
Analytical
Objective
Looks at parts
Right Brain
Random
Intuitive
Holistic
Synthesizing
Subjective
Looks at wholes
Exploring in Modules, Module 4

23. Exploring in Modules, Module 4

24. Exploring in Modules, Module 4

25. Testing the Divided Brain
Exploring in Modules, Module 4