1. THE 12 TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner LIP - L ABORATORY OF I NSTRUMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTAL P ARTICLE PHYSICS Lisbon, PORTUGAL Jorge A. NEVES on behalf of the ClearPEM Collaboration PEM Collaboration

2. Motivation Breast Cancer and Positron Emission Tomography Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women  mean incidence rate of 1.2 million females per year worldwide PET is a functional imaging technique that has demonstrated large potential for breast cancer detection - Positron Emission Mammography (PEM)  The Patient is injected with 18 F-FDG radiotracer that fix in tumor cells and decays by positron emission. The 2 γ photons resulting by the positron-electron annihilation are detected in temporal coincidence to imaging the biodistribution of the radiotracer. The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 2/18

3.  The ClearPEM Scanner  Detector Calibration  Energy and Time Resolution  Image Reconstruction  Conclusions Outline The ClearPEM Scanner The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 3/18

4. Good Spatial Resolution ( ~ 1.5 mm FWHM)  Fine crystal segmentation (2 x 2 mm)  Dual APD readout of crystal pixels  Depth-of-Interaction measurements with a resolution of ~ 2 mm FWHM High Detection Sensitivity  Long LYSO:Ce crystal (20 mm)  Two detector plates with large active area (16 x 18 cm 2 FOV) Reduced Random Background ( ~ 30%)  Large flux of single photons (up to 10 MHz)  Coincidence time resolution of ~ 4 ns FWHM for background rejection The ClearPEM Scanner The ClearPEM Characteristics The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 4/18

5. ClearPEM MOVIE The ClearPEM Scanner The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 5/18

6. The ClearPEM Scanner The ClearPEM Detector Modules Two Detector Plates  160 x 180 mm 2 active area  6144 scintillation crystals LYSO:Ce (emit visible light when high energy photons interact with them)  12288 APD pixel channels ( Highly sensible photo- detector. Generate pulses in response to scintilation light)  Double readout of crystal pixels for Depth-of- Interaction measurent (to minimize parallax effect)  Water cooling system (18.0 ± 0.1 °C) Hamamatsu S8550 Avalanche PhotoDiode LYSO:Ce 2x2x20 mm 3 crystal 4x8 crystal matrices 384 APD arrays, Operating Voltage 350-450V ε ~ 82% @ 511 keV 7.4 g.cm -3 The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 6/18 BaSO4 walls

7. The ClearPEM Scanner FrontEnd ASIC Charge Amplifier Characteristics  Technology: AMS 0.35 μm CMOS, 70 mm 2 Area  Input: 192 channels  Output: 2 highest channels (192:2 mux) -> to readout Compton events  Max Input Charge: 90 fC  Noise: ENC ~ 1300 e- (Baseline RMS = 2.2 ADC counts = 5 keV)  Shaping: 40 ns  Analog Memories: 10 pulse samples  Clock Frequency: 50-100 MHz  Power: 3.6 mW/channel The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 7/18

8. 12 cm 4.5 cm ASICs (2x192 channels) FrontEnd Board Modules (12x32 crystals, 24 APDs) HV matrix Service Board Super Module  2 FrontEnd Boards and 12 Detector Modules  Processes 768 APD channels FrontEnd Board  Contains 2 ASICs for APD signal readout  2 High-speed dual ADCs (10bits, 100 MHz)  1 LVDS Channel Link Transmitter (2.4 Gbps) Detector Head  8 Super Modules (16 for both DHs)  1 Service Board for HV & LV distribution, T(°C) monitoring  water cooling plates The ClearPEM Scanner FrontEnd Electronics 192 Detector Modules The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 8/18

9. The ClearPEM Scanner Off-Detector and Data Acquisition Electronics 19’’ crate 2cPCI backplanes The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 9/18 Data Transfer Bandwidth 6.4 Gbps Trigger/DCC  Acquisition Server 800 MBps (520) @ S-Link FedKit (PCI) 60 MBps (42) @ USB 2.0 400 MBps Storage Rate Coincidence Triggering Rate 800 kHz DAE System – L1 Trigger/DAQ 4 DAQ Boards (Slave)  8 Xlinx TM FPGA  First data filtering to identify usefull data (find Top-Bottom crystal coincidences)  Check signal integrity calculating basic parameters  Send relevant data to TGR/DCC Board 1 TGR/DCC – Trigger & Data Concentrator Board (Master)  1 Xilinx TM FPGA  DAQ Board’s arbitration  System’s Sync and Reset  Responsible for the identification of coincidence between detector heads  Sends relevant data to Acquisition Server (S-Link Bridge)

10. The ClearPEM Scanner Scanner Integration @ IPO Portuguese Institute of Oncology - Porto Examination Bed Detector Heads Robotic structure The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 10/18

11. 511 keV   APD pixel LYSO:Ce Crystal Relative Gain Distribution of Energy Calibrations Constants  3 Calibration constants per crystal (Top and Bottom readout) Detector Calibration Absolute Gain Distribution of pulse peak time Requires > 4%/mm for DOI resolution < 2 mm FWHM DOI Calibration The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 11/18

12. Tmax Tpeak  Photon time is extracted from the pulse samples fitted by the function: Energy and Time Resolution Time Measurements Typical pulse 50 MHz sampling The coincidence time resolution of the whole scanner is 5.2 ns FWHM The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 12/18 Time Calibration

13. Energy and Time Resolution Energy Measurements  Average energy resolution at 511 keV for the full scanner is 16.0 % 22 Na spectra for all crystals Photopeak measurements 511 keV photopeak compton  Good energy linearity  Energy resolution and photopeak position not dependent of DOI The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 13/18

14. Without DOI InformationWith DOI Information 1.2 mm FWHM Image Reconstruction ClearPEM Spatial Resolution Point Source Imaging  22 Na point source in a grid with 5 mm pitch  Energy window 400 - 600 keV  Sinograms of 16 source positions are added  3D-OSEM/STIR Reconstruction Spatial Resolution  Transaxial 1.2 mm FWHM (corrected by source size ~ 1 mm) DOI Effect  Images without using DOI information show considerable blurring The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 14/18

15. Image Reconstruction ClearPEM Spatial Resolution Derenzo Phantom Imaging  Sealed phantom with 22 Na gel  20 μ Ci activity (T 1/2 = 2.6y)  Active area: 35 mm Ø x 38.1 mm length Phantom Draw 3.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.0 mm 1.5 mm 1.2 mm Dist. = 150 mm Takes = 4 x 20 min 450-600 keV energy window 6 ns time window 3.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.0 mm 1.5 mm 1.2 mm 39960 3D-OSEM The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 15/18

16. Image Reconstruction Initial Clinical Tests Example os a typical exam  dose 7.6 mCi  150 mm detector plate opening  4 angular orientations  coincidence windom ± 4 ns  energy window 400 - 650 keV  low coincidences rate ~ 1.2 kHz  fraction of randoms in FoV IS 35% Reconstruction  3D-OSEM  simple normalization correction  randoms, attenuation and scatter correction not applied  22 Na source data added to sinogram, emulating lesion (L/B ~ 4 for 3 mm lesion) The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 16/18

17. Conclusions The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 17/18  ClearPEM electronics is one of the most innovative systems available for APD-based PET systems  Excellent detector performance  Time Resolution: 5.2 ns FWHM  Energy Resolution: 16 %  Spatial Resolution: 1.2 mm FWHM  Initial clinical trials have been started  Needs and efforts on image corrections

18. ClearPEM-Sonic The ClearPEM Breast Imaging Scanner Jorge A. NEVES THE 12TH VIENNA CONFERENCE ON INSTRUMENTATION 15-20 FEV 2010 18/18 E. Albuquerque 1, F. G. Almeida 2,13, P. Almeida 3, E. Auffray 10, J. Barbosa 2, A. L. Bastos 9, V. Bexiga 1, R. Bugalho 4, C. Cardoso 4, S. Carmona 8, J.F. Carneiro 2, B. Carriço 4, C. S. Ferreira 4, N. C. Ferreira 5, M. Ferreira 4, M. Frade 4, F. Gonçalves 1, C. Guerreiro 5, P. Lecoq 10, C. Leong 1, P. Lousã 6, P. Machado 1, M. V. Martins 3, M. C. Martins 6, N. Matela 3, R. Moura 4, J.A.Neves 4, P. Neves 6, N. Oliveira 3, C. Ortigão 4, F. Piedade 6, J. F. Pinheiro 4, P. Relvas 6, A. Rivetti 10, P. Rodrigues 4, I. Rolo 4, M. Rolo 4, A. I. Santos 8, J. Santos 2, M. M. Silva 1, S. Tavernier 11, I. C. Teixeira 1,9, J. P. Teixeira 1,9, J. C. Silva 4,10, R. Silva 4, A. Trindade 4, J. Varela 4, 10 1 INESC-ID, 2 INEGI, 3 IBEB/FCUL, 4 LIP, 5 IBILI/FMUC, 6 INOV, 8 HGO, 9 IPO, 10 CERN, 11 VUB Funded by SFRH/BD/33667/2009 Acknowledgments Thank you!