1. KEY CONCEPT Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

2. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

3. Animal-like protists consume other organisms.
heterotrophs
single-celled

4. Plantlike protists are photosynthetic.
single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
no roots, stems, or leaves

5. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms.
heterotrophs
can move, whereas fungi cannot

6. Protists are difficult to classify.
Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.

7. Protist classification will likely change.
Some protists are not closely related.
Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

8. KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

9. Animal-like protists move in various ways.
Animal-like protists are often called protozoa.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

10. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates.
flagella help zooflagellates swim
more than 2000 zooflagellates

11. Some protists move with pseudopods.
change shape as they move
amoebas

12. Some protists move with pseudopods.
change shape as they move
amoebas
foraminifera

13. Some protozoa move with cilia.
cilia help protists swim and capture food
more than 8000 ciliates
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

14. Paramecia have contractile vacuoles to expel excess water
Paramecia have contractile vacuoles to expel excess water. To avoid an obstacle, they back up, and move away in an avoidance reaction.

15. Some ciliates remain attached to a surface. Stentor is an example.

16. Some animal-like protists cause disease.
Protists cause some well-known infectious diseases.
sporozoites
human liver
liver cells
developed
parasites
red blood
cells
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes.
Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by flies.
A giardia infection is caused by Giardia and spread through water.
Malaria Infection

17. Trypanosoma

18. Giardia

19. Trichonympha lives with termites, digests wood.
Both species benefit, so this is called mutualism.

20. Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
Algae are plantlike protists. Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
colony
daughter colony

21. Volvox daughter colonies leaving the mother colony.

22. Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists.
mostly photosynthetic
some heterotrophic
single-celled
one or two flagella
pellicle
nucleus
chloroplast
eye spot
contractile
vacuole
flagellum

23. Euglena moves toward the light, which is known as a positive phototropism.
Has a red eyespot, which is light sensitive

24. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists.
have two flagella
may be bioluminescent
have stiff protective plates
can cause red tide
Dinoflagellates

25. Noctiluca scintillans

26. Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells.
shells made of silica
produce large amounts of oxygen

27. More diatoms

28. Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments.
Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b.
Brown algae contain chlorophyll c.
Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

29. Red algae is used to make agar, food thickener, and medicine capsules.

30. Spirogyra : a type of green algae

31. Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists.
Slime molds have both funguslike and animal-like traits.
decomposers, like fungi
can move, like animals

32. Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular.
Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei.
Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

33. Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists.
one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s
made of branching strands of cells
can be parasites of plants or fish