1. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING SPECIALTY PLASTICS Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)

2. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP History Liquid crystal polymers, also known as self-reinforced polymers were first introduced in 1965 (@Kevlar from Du Pont de Nemours). This well-known aramid fiber is a lyotropic (in solution form) macro- molecularly ordered polymer.

3. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP This was followed in 1972 by Ekkcel 1- 2000 from Carborundum which was Thermotropic (melt-processable) in nature Development work commenced in 1975 by Celanese led in the mid eighties to Vectra (now a Hoechst product) based on thermotropic polyester.

4. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP BASF (Ultrax) and Bayer (KU 1-90 range) have also now commenced production of LCPs. The highly ordered state in solution or in the melt contrasts with the randomly ordered macromolecules of conventional polymers. Between the liquid and solid states, LCPs may be in a liquid crystalline intermediate state which is described as mesomorphous.

5. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP – molecular structure a- linear rigid unit b- flexible unit a a b

6. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP LCPs are characterized by two superimposed structural principles: -main chain polymers in which the rigid molecular units (mesogens) are arranged in the polymer chain & -side chain polymers in which the mesogens are attached as side groups.

7. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP Main chain polymers are not suitable for use at high temperatures. The side chain polymers are distinguished by particularly good electrical and optical properties which are exploited in optical storage or liquid crystal displays (LCD).

8. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP LCPs are based mainly on polyesters but polyestercarbonates, polyesteramides, polyesterimides & polyazomethines can also be used in their production.

9. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP – General Properties Besides the properties typical of each type of LCP, they all share the following characteristics: melt-processable ordered structures in the melt highly oriented in the solid state (self-reinforcement) anisotropic property profile wide variation in properties possible by selecting the appropriate LCP type

10. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP properties -1 In addition they exhibit the following properties: –medium density –high tensile strength –high notched impact strength –high tensile modulus of elasticity, up to –wide melting range –high continuous service temperature

11. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP properties -2 good low temperature properties low coefficient of linear expansion orientation easily achieved by injection molding, extrusion and blow molding processable on standard machines low shrinkage low melt viscosity, but high strength and extensibility of melt

12. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP properties -3 good electrical properties high resistance to chemicals flammability UL 94 V-0 (0.8 mm) without flame retardant low moisture absorption high resistance to stress cracking.

13. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP Disadvantages are -anisotropic physical properties, -low strength of joints, - low elongation at break (1.2 to 6.9%).

14. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP A recently introduced amorphous LCP exhibits less variation in properties at high temperatures. The processing range is wider and the material can thus be blow molded and thermoformed. Processable LCPs cannot be obtained from rigid linear macromolecules alone because they melt only above their decomposition temperature. This difficulty has been overcome by incorporating flexible linkages in the main chain.

15. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP Many properties, favorable and unfavourable, can be significantly influenced by the choice of processing conditions and molding design, e.g.:  At large wall thicknesses, LCPs lose their peak properties in the longitudinal direction,  shrinkage can become negative in the direction of flow,  anisotropy can be reduced by adding fillers,  filler content can be very high (> 40% w/w).

16. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP AVAILABILITY Liquid crystal polymers are available as a self-reinforcing, glass, glass/mineral, or mineral carbon fibre filled resin LCP is supplied as pellets in transparent and opaque grey, dark and black colorations. Injection molding grades and extrusion grades for rod, tube, film and for extrusion coating.

17. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP The physical properties of self-reinforced polymers do not differ significantly from those of filled or reinforced engineering plastics. The ability to align the orientation tendency in molded or semi-finished material with the direction of the greatest stress to obtain high performance moldings is unmatched The cost/performance ratio is also favorable – low shrinkage, low processing temp.

18. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP Processing LCP Injection Moldings The original point of using LCPs was to exploit the increase in strength which can be achieved by orientation of flow. The usual flat shaped design of injection moldings leads, however, to a multi-axial stress state which oriented LCP cannot cope with isotropically.

19. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP Processing Injection Moldings The unavoidable shear and stretching flow lead to different localised orientations. This behavior can be compensated only to a limited extent by suitable choice of the position and shape of the gate. Instead of stiffness and strength, the main motives nowadays for using LCPs as engineering materials are flowability, flame retardance, dimensional stability at high temperatures, low thermal expansion, resistance to chemicals and rigidity with low wall thickness.

20. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP LCP resins have Low outgassing even at extreme temperatures, a factor that's critical for sensitive electronics and optical applications. When it comes to precision, LCP resins have excellent molding properties, provide the design freedom for extremely small and intricate parts with cross sections as thin as 0.25 mm.

21. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP – Machining & Fabrication LCPs can be machined and joined with conventional tools and machinery. They can be bonded with the usual adhesives for polyesters They can be welded with ultrasonics. They can be metallized by spraying or electroplating.

22. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP - recycling Up to 25% w/w scrap can be added to virgin material. Material which has absorbed moisture must be predried. Plasticizing cylinders can be purged with PE-HD.

23. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP – Typical Applications Electrical & Electronic: –Substrates for chips and printed circuits, –Coil cores, sockets, encapsulations, Sensors, –switches and other electronic components requiring outstanding performance at elevated temperatures, –Buffer films, couplings and connectors for fiber optics, –Precision high temperature applications such as optical lens components, sensors, LED housings, and motor components Miniaturized moldings (particularly for use in aggressive environments), Under-bonnet components in contact with fuel, Numerous components in aircraft cabins, fuel systems, radomes, electrical components.

24. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP – Typical Applications Drive belt pulleys, packings, bearings, seals, Accessories for oil drilling, pumps, Packings for distillation columns and scrubbing towers, Measuring instruments, Surface mount devices Dual ovenable cookware Heat sinks containing graphite fibers

25. CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING LCP -Tradenames Ekce1, Ekonol (Carborundum Co., Metallic Div., US) Granlar (Montedison Inst. Guido, IT) Novoaccurate (Mitsubishi Chem. Ind., lP) Rodron (U nitika, lP) Ultrax (BASF, DE) Vectra (Hoechst, DE) Victrex (ICI, GB) Xydar (Amoco Performance Products

26. Table -1 Guide values of properties of LCP PropertiesUnitsLCP Densityg/cm 3 1.4 -1.9 Water absorption (23°C, 24h)%0.02-0.04 Mechanical Tensile strengthN/mm 2 140-240 Elongation at break%1.2-6.9 Tensile modulus of elasticityN/mm 2 10000-40000 Notched impact strength (Izod)J/m53-530 Thermal Melting Point°C275-330 CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING

27. Table -1 Guide values of properties of LCP PropertiesUnitsLCP Service temperature in air without mechanical loading (long-term) °C185-250 Heat deflection temperature°C180-240 Coefficient of linear expansion between 0 and 50 °CK -1 0-25x10 -6 Electrical Volume resistivity  cm 10 15 -10 16 Dielectric constant2.6-3.3 Dissipation factor, tan  50 Hz0.003-0.004 Dielectric strengthkV/mm31-43 Tracking resistanceclass C1500-200 Fire performance to UL 94classV-0 CORPORATE TRAINING AND PLANNING