1. UNIT 5 PART II Mr. Pustay West Shore Jr. Sr. High School 2015

2. 2

3. 3 An Introduction to Hypnosis An Introduction to Hypnosis I. What is Hypnosis ? II.Common Myths about Hypnosis III.Theories of Hypnotic Responding IV.Key Theoretical Controversies in Hypnosis IV.Hypnotic Suggestibility VI.Hypnosis as a Clinical Tool

4. 4 I. What is Hypnosis ? A. Defining Hypnosis B. Components of a Hypnotic Procedure

5. Another Possible State of Consciousness: HYPNOSIS Text definition: Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. “Your arm may soon feel so light that it rises…” 5

6. Another Possible State of Consciousness: HYPNOSIS “Your arm may soon feel so light that it rises…” Alternate definition: Hypnosis is a cooperative social action in which one person is in a state of being likely to respond to suggestions from another person.  This state has been called heightened suggestibility as well as a trance.  Controversy: does this social interaction really require an altered state of consciousness? 6

7. 7

8. Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer b Austrian physician b Late 18th century b Discovered what he called “animal magnetism” the belief that all animals had a special magnetic fluid flowing through their bodies and illness was simply an obstacle that temporarily stopped this flowthe belief that all animals had a special magnetic fluid flowing through their bodies and illness was simply an obstacle that temporarily stopped this flow also known as mesmerismalso known as mesmerism theory was rejected by officials from the Royal Academy of Sciencestheory was rejected by officials from the Royal Academy of Sciences

9. James Braid The First Hypnotherapist b Developed procedure known as “hypnosis” in 1842 b Created the “mesmeric trance” movement of a bright object to achieve induced statemovement of a bright object to achieve induced state proposed “ocular fixation” caused a tranceproposed “ocular fixation” caused a trance

10. Ocular Fixation – Hypnosis Acid Trip 10

11. Ocular Fixation in Hypnosis b The eye-fixation method of hypnosis involves producing immense strain on the 6 eye muscles. b This is produced as you look upward with your eyes, without any movement of your head and gaze fixedly at any object or a point on the wall or ceiling 11

12. 12

13. Ocular Fixation in Hypnosis b There are reasons for gazing upwards in this way. The upward gaze will quicken and intensify the tiredness that you will feel in and around your eyes. b Don’t tilt your head backward during this time as that will assist the eyes and lessen the strain on them. b Move the eyes but only with the head sitting balanced upon your neck. 13

14. ALTERED STATE VIDEO 14

15. 15

16. 16 B. Two Components of a Hypnotic Procedure It is useful to think of a hypnotic procedure as consisting of two phases or components: It is useful to think of a hypnotic procedure as consisting of two phases or components: Hypnotic InductionHypnotic Induction Hypnotic SuggestionsHypnotic Suggestions

17. The Highly Hypnotizable 20 Percent How do some people get so hypnotized that they can have no reaction to ammonia under their noses? These people seem to be more easily absorbed in imaginative activities. They are able to focus and to lose themselves in fantasy. The hypnotic induction method may happen to work just right. Induction Into Hypnosis A swinging watch and recitation of the words “you are getting sleepy” are not necessary. Hypnotic induction, the inducing of a hypnotic state, is the process by which a hypnotist leads someone into the state of heightened suggestibility. 17

18. 18

19. HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION b b Hypnosis scripts are collections of suggestions intended to change behaviors. b b Every hypnotic suggestion needs to be aimed at a specific aspect of the client's inner beliefs about the world or at a specific aspect of unconscious behavior. 19

20. HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION b b Everyone has beliefs about who they are, what they are and the world they live in. b b Everyone has stored behaviors that they automatically call up to use in specific situations. It is when these inner beliefs and automatic responses no longer fit the client's outer world that problems arise 20

21. 21 What is a Hypnotic Suggestion ? The subject is guided to undergo changes in experience. The subject is guided to undergo changes in experience. Types of Hypnotic Suggestions: Types of Hypnotic Suggestions: Ideomotor Suggestions – experience a motor movement.Ideomotor Suggestions – experience a motor movement. Challenge Suggestions – subject is told he or she will not be able to do some particular thing and then is asked to perform the prohibited behavior.Challenge Suggestions – subject is told he or she will not be able to do some particular thing and then is asked to perform the prohibited behavior. Cognitive Suggestions – experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts or feelings.Cognitive Suggestions – experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts or feelings.

22. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS b For over a century scientists and clinicians have proposed mechanisms to explain the phenomenon associated with hypnosis. b The key theories of hypnosis, historical and current, are presented here. For the more recent models some knowledge of cognitive psychology is useful.For the more recent models some knowledge of cognitive psychology is useful. 22

23. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS b Within psychology most current models of how the mind works what is termed 'executive function' make use of the concept of an executive control system b Within psychology most current models of how the mind works what is termed 'executive function' make use of the concept of an executive control system 23

24. 24

25. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS b Ernest Hilgard's Neodissociation theory of hypnosis is a classic 'state' theory b It proposes that hypnotic phenomenon are produced through a dissociation within high level control systems. Essentially, the hypnotic induction is said to split the functioning of the executive control system (ECS) into different streams 25

26. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS b Hilgard's theory was inspired by his experiments with the 'hidden observer' phenomenon whereby a 'hidden part' of the mind of a subject experiencing hypnotic pain relief could be encouraged to elicit reports of the 'true' pain experience. b The idea that the hidden observer demonstrates the presence of consicous and unconscious executive systems in hypnosis is a controversial notion b The idea that the hidden observer demonstrates the presence of consicous and unconscious executive systems in hypnosis is a controversial notion 26

27. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS b b Social Influence Theory, a non-state theory, explains that hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative people who go along with the “subject” role they have agreed to play b b Nicholas Spanos, a non-state theoriest, viewed subjects as active "doers" and noted they observe the suggested effect as an enactment rather than a happening. 27

28. Theories Explaining Hypnosis Social Influence Theory Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative people who go along with the “subject” role they have agreed to play. Divided Consciousness Theory Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness of our dual-track mind. 28

29. 29 II. Common Myths about Hypnosis People in hypnosis lose control and can be made to say or do whatever the hypnotist wants. People in hypnosis lose control and can be made to say or do whatever the hypnotist wants. People may not be able to come out of hypnosis. People may not be able to come out of hypnosis. Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible people. Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible people. Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of memory. Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of memory. Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a past life. Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a past life. Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the hypnotist. Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the hypnotist. NONE OF THESE ARE TRUE NONE OF THESE ARE TRUE

30. 30 III. Important Theories of Hypnotic Responding A. Psychoanalytic Approach B. Neodissociation Approach C. Socio-Cognitive Approach D. Transpersonal Approach

31. 31 A. Psychoanalytic Approach: Freud’s Model of Hypnosis Freud initially utilized hypnosis to help remove psychosomatic symptoms from patients who suffered from what we would now call a somatoform disorder. Freud initially utilized hypnosis to help remove psychosomatic symptoms from patients who suffered from what we would now call a somatoform disorder. These patients suffered from medical complaints like seizures, muscular spasms, and paralysis of their limbs that was transient and/or was not thought to be the entirely the result of a general medical condition.These patients suffered from medical complaints like seizures, muscular spasms, and paralysis of their limbs that was transient and/or was not thought to be the entirely the result of a general medical condition.

32. 32 A. Psychoanalytic Approach: Freud’s Model of Hypnosis Freud learned that he could temporarily or permanently reduce many of these symptoms using direct hypnotic suggestions for the symptoms to be reversed. (e.g.,: “Your arm is calm again and will no longer spasm.”) Freud learned that he could temporarily or permanently reduce many of these symptoms using direct hypnotic suggestions for the symptoms to be reversed. (e.g.,: “Your arm is calm again and will no longer spasm.”)

33. 33 A. Psychoanalytic Approach: Freud’s Model of Hypnosis Freud also believed that Hypnosis (first encouraged by his friend and mentor allowed him access to memories within the patient’s unconscious mind which had been previously repressed. Freud also believed that Hypnosis (first encouraged by his friend and mentor Josef Breuer, allowed him access to memories within the patient’s unconscious mind which had been previously repressed. Eventually, Freud began using free association instead of hypnosis as a way of accessing the unconscious. Eventually, Freud began using free association instead of hypnosis as a way of accessing the unconscious.

34. 34 B. The Neodissociation Approach A more recent psychoanalytically-oriented theory. Developed by Ernest Hilgard. Under hypnosis, part of the mind enters an altered state of consciousness. A second dissociated part of the mind, later designated as the “Hidden Observer”, remains aware of what is going on during a hypnotic session. The part of the mind in an altered state of consciousness is very open to hypnotic suggestions.

35. 35 C. The Sociocognitive Approach Contends that the principles of social psychology explain behavior during hypnosis. Contends that the principles of social psychology explain behavior during hypnosis. Not a single theory, but a group of theories. Not a single theory, but a group of theories. Examples: Examples: Role Theory – people naturally adopt the role behaviors of a hypnotized person.Role Theory – people naturally adopt the role behaviors of a hypnotized person. Response Expectancy Theory – hypnotic suggestions alter expectations for nonvolitional outcomes (e.g., pain). Such expectations, in turn, then contribute to the experience of those outcomes.Response Expectancy Theory – hypnotic suggestions alter expectations for nonvolitional outcomes (e.g., pain). Such expectations, in turn, then contribute to the experience of those outcomes.

36. 36 D. A Transpersonal Approach Many of humanity’s earliest views of hypnotic phenomena are described by various religious and spiritual traditions in the world. (Krippner, 2005).Many of humanity’s earliest views of hypnotic phenomena are described by various religious and spiritual traditions in the world. (Krippner, 2005). Shamanistic Healing RitualsShamanistic Healing Rituals Exorcism and DemonologyExorcism and Demonology Advanced meditative practices to achieve Mind/Body Unity within Mystical Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism, Native American, Islamic Sufism, Jewish Kabbalah, and Hindu Tantra.Advanced meditative practices to achieve Mind/Body Unity within Mystical Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism, Native American, Islamic Sufism, Jewish Kabbalah, and Hindu Tantra. This is an important diversity issue since many people around the world hold these beliefs.This is an important diversity issue since many people around the world hold these beliefs.

37. 37 IV. Two Key Theoretical Controversies in Hypnosis A. The State Controversy B. The Trait Controversy

38. 38 A. The State Controversy Do people enter an altered state of consciousness during hypnosis ? Do people enter an altered state of consciousness during hypnosis ? The essence of the dispute between the Neodissociation and Sociocognitive approaches. The essence of the dispute between the Neodissociation and Sociocognitive approaches. This remains a hotly debated issue. This remains a hotly debated issue.

39. 39 B. The Trait Controversy Is there a trait that accounts for how much or how little people respond to hypnosis ? Is there a trait that accounts for how much or how little people respond to hypnosis ? One’s position on the Trait Controversy is unrelated to one’s position on the State Controversy. They are NOT opposite poles of a single dimension or question. One’s position on the Trait Controversy is unrelated to one’s position on the State Controversy. They are NOT opposite poles of a single dimension or question. The research evidence strongly suggests that there is a trait that explains how much people respond to hypnosis. The research evidence strongly suggests that there is a trait that explains how much people respond to hypnosis.

40. 40 V. Hypnotic Suggestibility – The Individual Difference Variable Hypnotic suggestibility is the general tendency to respond to hypnotic suggestions. Hypnotic suggestibility is the general tendency to respond to hypnotic suggestions. It can be measured with scales typically consisting of a hypnotic induction and a series of behavioral test suggestions. It can be measured with scales typically consisting of a hypnotic induction and a series of behavioral test suggestions. The number of test suggestions that an individual responds to or passes indicates the person’s level of suggestibility. The number of test suggestions that an individual responds to or passes indicates the person’s level of suggestibility.

41. 41 V. Hypnotic Suggestibility – The Individual Difference Variable It is a trait-like, individual difference variable – people differ in terms of how high or low they fall on suggestibility. Scores in the population are arrayed in a bell-shaped curve. It is a trait-like, individual difference variable – people differ in terms of how high or low they fall on suggestibility. Scores in the population are arrayed in a bell-shaped curve. Suggestibility tends to be very stable over time – some researchers found that scores taken 25 years apart were correlated at r =.71. Suggestibility tends to be very stable over time – some researchers found that scores taken 25 years apart were correlated at r =.71.

42. Is Hypnosis Dangerous? b b Hypnosis is not a dangerous procedure. It is not mind control or brainwashing. A therapist cannot make a person do something embarrassing or that the person doesn't want to do. 42

43. Is Hypnosis Dangerous? b b The greatest risk, as discussed above, is that false memories can potentially be created and that it may be less effective than pursuing other, more established and traditional psychiatric treatments. 43

44. 44 Conclusion Once associated with fringe psychology and the supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted as the valid subject of scientific research and as a useful clinical tool. Once associated with fringe psychology and the supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted as the valid subject of scientific research and as a useful clinical tool. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works. However, research strongly indicates that the vast majority of people can benefit from hypnosis interventions. However, research strongly indicates that the vast majority of people can benefit from hypnosis interventions.

45. 45 Conclusion Research indicates that hypnosis is very effective for treating a wide range of clinical problems and symptoms, including pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, and smoking. Research indicates that hypnosis is very effective for treating a wide range of clinical problems and symptoms, including pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, and smoking.