1. Talking Freight Seminar Paul Bubbosh Environmental Protection Agency July 21, 2004

2. Overview Background Idling Emission Impacts Idle Reduction Technologies EPA’s Efforts

3. Why do trucks idle? Two types of idling: – Unavoidable: traffic light, long lines, congestion – Avoidable: overnight rest period Reasons for for long duration idling: – Cab comfort – need for heat or air conditioning while driver rests – Engine protection – need to heat engine & fuel in extremely cold temperatures – On-board appliances – need to operate tv, refrigerator – Habit – desire not to turn diesel engine off

4. Where do trucks idle? As close as possible to their pick-up or drop-off location Private truck stops (restaurant, shower, fuel) Public rest areas (fuel, proximity to interstate) Border crossings Ports Side of the road

5. Who idles? Long haul truckers School & transit buses Agriculture and construction equipment Locomotives (freight and passenger) Aircraft Marine vessels

6. Idling Impacts Air pollution Fuel consumption Engine maintenance/life Driver health & safety

7. Extent of Idling Population of long haul trucks: – 500,000 – 1,000,000 Idling hours per year: – 1,800 – 2,400 Fuel consumption per truck –.80 – 1.20 gallons per idle hour Maintenance costs – $1.14 per day at idle Population of locomotives – “Switch yard” locomotives – 5,000

8. Air Impacts Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Air Toxics (e.g., formaldehyde)

9. Pollutants of Concern Long Haul Trucks: – NOx: 180,000 tons per year – PM: 5,000 tons per year – CO2: 11 million tons – Fuel: 1 billion gallons Switch Yard Locomotives – NOx: 13,000 tons per year – PM: 430 tons per year – CO2:.75 million tons – Fuel: 65 million gallons

10. Mobile & Idling Emissions Ozone Nonattainment Areas – 31 states – 474 counties – 159 million people Mobile emissions: 1/3 of all NOx emissions – Idling: 5-10% of all NOx emissions

11. Cost Effectiveness Idle Reduction Technologies – $2,500 per ton of NOx reduced Assumes 10 year life of technology Averages use of auxiliary engine and electrification costs and benefits Does not include fuel savings which accrue to truck owner and which make the cost effectiveness a positive savings – For locomotives, cost effectiveness is $1,500 per ton of NOx reduced

12. Alternatives On-Board Technologies Off-Board Technologies Behavior

13. On-Board Technologies TechnologyCostPros/Cons Engine Control Module 0No extra cost; avail. from engine mnfr. Does not address cab comfort needs. Auto. Shut- Down/Turn-On System <$1,000Low cost; avail. from engine mnfr. Low driver acceptance. Fuel Fired Heaters$900-$1,200Low cost, lightweight, avail. from engine mnfr. Heat only. Auxiliary Power Units/Generator Sets $5,000-$7,000Provides all needs. Expensive, heavy, noisy, maintenance, after-market retrofit. Battery Powered Heating/AC $7,000-$8,000Provides all needs, zero air emissions. Heavy.

14. Picture of an APU

15. Off-Board Technologies TechnologyCostPros/Cons Electrified Parking Spaces – RV Model $6,000 per spaceLower cost. Requires modifications to truck (electric heat/AC, inverter/charger Electrified Parking Spaces –All Inclusive $18,000 per spaceNo truck modifications needed. Very expensive.

16. Pictures of Electrified Parking

17. Electrification On-Board Needs

18. Behavior Driver Incentives/Bonuses – Differs per trucking company State/Local Anti-Idling Law – Lack of enforcement; fines add revenue Personal Choice

19. Driver Health & Safety Truck drivers – Resting in vehicle idling or nearby other idling vehicles – Exposure to harmful pollutants – Potential health problems & disturbed sleep EPA funded project – Study exposure of pollutants on truck drivers – Partners: DOE (Oak Ridge) & Univ. of Tenn. – Location: I-40 in Knoxville, TN – Anticipated Results: Dec., 2004

20. EPA’s Objective Presidential Directive (May, 2001): – Develop ways to reduce demand for petroleum transportation fuels by: Working with the trucking industry to establish a program to reduce emissions and fuel consumption form long-haul trucks at truck stops by: –Implementing alternatives to idling, such as electrification and auxiliary power units. –Developing partnership agreements with trucking fleets, truck stops, and manufacturers of idle reducing technologies.

21. EPA’s Idle Reduction Program Research, Testing, and Assessment Education and Outreach Air Quality Guidance Demonstration Projects Innovative Funding and Incentive Opportunities Partnerships and Relationship Management

22. EPA’s Idle Reduction Program Emissions Testing – 1 st Federal agency to comprehensively examine extent of idling emissions from trucks – Future efforts will examine school and transit buses – http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingimpacts.htm Education and Outreach – Hosted conferences and workshops to educate industry and reach consensus on idling issues – Future efforts will focus on smaller workshops targeting innovative funding opportunities – http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingplan.htm

23. EPA’s Program State Efforts – Air Quality Guidance – Mobile Emission Reduction Credits Published landmark guidance for quantifying and using idle emission reductions in SIPs, transportation and general conformity, and NSR offset credits http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingplan.htm – Future efforts will target working with States to create harmonization of anti-idling laws Need to avoid patchwork of inconsistent state laws

24. EPA’s Program Industry Efforts – Launched SmartWay Transport Partnership this year Voluntary program that encourages energy efficiency, energy security, emission reductions, and greenhouse gas reductions Rewards successful partners with EPA recognition Targets ground freight shippers and carriers (truck and rail) Partners include: Fed Ex, UPS, Swift, Schneider, J.B. Hunt, Roadway, Ikea, Home Depot, Cannon, Michelin, Nike, Coca- Cola, Yellow, etc. – To join: www.epa.gov/smartway – Expanding program to include truck stops and rest areas for implementing off-board idle reduction technology or no-idle zones.

25. EPA’s Program Grant Programs – Demonstration Projects – Awarded over $1.3 million in grants to deploy: On-board technologies Off-board technologies Locomotive on-board technologies – Leveraged over 50 demonstration projects in 20 States Future focus on loan programs

26. EPA’s Program Partnership and Relationship Management – Working closely with: Technology manufacturers – see web listing of all commercially available idle reduction technologies at:http://www.epa.gov/smartway/idlingalternatives.htm States: held 4 regional workshops, and planning 3-5 more Federal gov’t: working closely with DOT/FHWA, DOE (Clean Cities & ANL)