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4. Predisposing Factors Disease Development Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics Infectious Disease Transmission Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases Disease Patterns Epidemiology > Disease Patterns Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Some predisposing factors of contracting infectious diseases can be anatomical, genetic, general and disease specific. Climate and weather, and other environmental factors that are affected by them, can also predispose people to infectious agents. Other factors such as overall health, age and diet are important considerations in the prevention of spreading infectious diseases. Predisposing Factors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/predisposing-factors-838- 10797?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Global map of Seasonal Influenza View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

6. The first phase is characterized by complete lack or very few symptoms. As the pathogen starts to reproduce actively, the symptoms intensify. Bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms but there are some differences too. The last phases are characterized by decline in symptoms severity until their disappearance. However, even if the patients recover and return to normal, they may continue to be a source of infection. Disease Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/disease-development-839- 10799?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Symptoms of tuberculosis View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

7. Often the natural reservoirs for a human infectious disease are animals such as bats for SARS and rats for plague. Some diseases have no non-human reservoirs: poliomyelitis and smallpox are prominent examples. The natural reservoir of some diseases remains unknown. In epidemiology, an epidemic occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience. An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed a pandemic. There are two types of epidemic outbreak: (1) In a common source outbreak, the affected individuals had exposure to a common agent. (2) In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/disease-reservoirs-and-epidemics-840- 10798?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Spread of H1N1 in Europe, 2009 View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

8. Infectious organisms may be transmitted either by direct or indirect contact. Transmission may occur through several different mechanisms. Transmission of infectious diseases may also involve a vector. Vectors may be mechanical or biological. Pathogens can also be transmitted horizontally or vertically. Infectious Disease Transmission Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/infectious-disease-transmission-841- 10803?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Washing Hands View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

9. Ecological competence is the ability of an organism, often a pathogen, to survive and compete in new habitats. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. In most cases, microorganisms live in harmony with their hosts via mutual or commensal interactions. Diseases can emerge when existing parasites become pathogenic or when new pathogenic parasites enter a new host. Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/ecology-epidemiology-and-evolution-of-pathogens-842- 5757?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless The Black Death of the 14th century View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

10. The CDC categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard: Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being extreme risk. BSL-1 lab is used to perform research mostly on noninfectious microbes using standard equipment and routine lab safety procedures. BSL-2 work is performed with bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting. Safety regulations are stricter. In a BSL-3 setting, the work is with bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments exist. The laboratory has special engineering and design features. BSL-4 level is mandatory for research on viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which no vaccines or treatments are available. The use of a positive-pressure personnel suit is mandatory as well as many additional safety measures of the labs. Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/safety-in-the-microbiology-laboratory-843- 10796?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Biohazard symbol View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

11. The index or primary case is the initial patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation. It may indicate the source of the disease, the possible spread, and which reservoir holds the disease in-between outbreaks. In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, there was controversy about a so-called Patient Zero, who was the basis of a complex transmission scenario. Other prominent "Patient Zeroes" include Typhoid Mary. Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/alternative-to-microbiology-principles-and-explorations-8th-jacquelyn-g-black-0470646217- 9780470646212/epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/finding-patient-zero-and-tracking-diseases-844- 5760?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Typhoid Mary poster View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

12. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

13. Key terms "Patient Zero" A term used to refer to the index case in the spread of HIV in North America. aerosolized Dispersed as an aerosol; particulate. biohazards Biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, especially humans. Chronic granulomatous disease Also known as CGD, is a diverse group of genetic diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly, the superoxide radical) used to kill certain ingested pathogens. This leads to the formation of granulomata (a special type of inflammation) in many organs. clinical latency The period for which an infection is subclinical. common source outbreak a type of epidemic outbreak where the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF or mucoviscidosis) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver and intestine. It is characterized by abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions. ecological competence The ability of an organism, often a pathogen, to survive and compete in new habitats. epidemiology The branch of a science dealing with the spread and control of diseases, computer viruses, concepts, etc., throughout populations or systems. fomite An inanimate object capable of carrying infectious agents (such as bacteria, viruses and parasites), and thus passively enabling their transmission between hosts. pandemic A disease that hits a wide geographical area and affects a large proportion of the population. propagated outbreak a type of epidemic outbreak where the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may become independent reservoirs leading to further exposures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology

14. subclinical Of a disease or injury, without signs and symptoms that are detectable by physical examination or laboratory test; not clinically manifest. vector A carrier of a disease-causing agent. viral latency A form of viral dormancy in which the virus does not replicate at all. virulence The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host and it is determined by virulence factors. zoonose Infectious diseases transmitted between different species of animals, usually from a vertebrate animal to a human Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology

15. BSL-4 hazmat suit A researcher in a protective suit working with the Ebola virus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Biosafety level 4 hazmat suit." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biosafety_level_4_hazmat_suit.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biosafety_level_4_hazmat_suit.jpgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

16. Typhoid Mary poster Typhoid carrier. Food pollution. "In this manner the famous 'Typhoid Mary' infected family after family. " Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Typhoid carrier polluting food - a poster." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Typhoid_carrier_polluting_food_-_a_poster.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Typhoid_carrier_polluting_food_-_a_poster.jpgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

17. Symptoms of tuberculosis Some of the symptoms are very specific for the disease while others are more general and can be caused by other pathogens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Tuberculosis symptoms." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuberculosis_symptoms.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuberculosis_symptoms.pngView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

18. Spread of H1N1 in Europe, 2009 The World Health Organization declared the new flu strain H1N1 as a pandemic in June 2009. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Spread of Swine Flu in Europe." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spread_of_Swine_Flu_in_Europe.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spread_of_Swine_Flu_in_Europe.svgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

19. Global map of Seasonal Influenza Seasonal risk areas: November–April (blue), April–November (red), and year-round (yellow) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Influenza Seasonal Risk Areas." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Influenza_Seasonal_Risk_Areas.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Influenza_Seasonal_Risk_Areas.svgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

20. Washing Hands Washing hands with soap and clean water (for at least 20 seconds) is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "OCD handwash." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OCD_handwash.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OCD_handwash.jpgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

21. Biohazard symbol The international symbol used to label biohazards. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Biohazard symbol." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biohazard_symbol.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biohazard_symbol.svgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

22. The Black Death of the 14th century An animation of the plague that spread through the world during the pandemic in the 14th century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Spread-Of-The-Black-Death." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gifView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

23. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology Which of the following are predisposing factors that increase the spread and severity of an infectious disease? A) Malnutrition B) Immunosuppression C) Climate D) All of the choices

24. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology Which of the following are predisposing factors that increase the spread and severity of an infectious disease? A) Malnutrition B) Immunosuppression C) Climate D) All of the choices

25. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology Which of the following statements describes the acute period of disease stages? A) The infectious agents are actively replicating and peak in a short period of time B) The number of infectious agents start increasing C) The individual experiences non-specific symptoms D) The individual gradually returns to normal but continues to be a source of infection

26. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology Which of the following statements describes the acute period of disease stages? A) The infectious agents are actively replicating and peak in a short period of time B) The number of infectious agents start increasing C) The individual experiences non-specific symptoms D) The individual gradually returns to normal but continues to be a source of infection

27. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology In a group of individuals exposed to a pathogenic bacterium long- term, they become affected and develop the disease all within the same time period. This is considered to be a: A) common source outbreak, specifically an intermittent outbreak B) common source outbreak, specifically a continuous outbreak C) common source outbreak D) propagated outbreak

28. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology In a group of individuals exposed to a pathogenic bacterium long- term, they become affected and develop the disease all within the same time period. This is considered to be a: A) common source outbreak, specifically an intermittent outbreak B) common source outbreak, specifically a continuous outbreak C) common source outbreak D) propagated outbreak

29. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology If a pathogen can remain long-term in a specific host without the host getting the disease or remaining asymptomatic, this is referred to as the: A) natural carrier B) natural reservoir C) disease carrier D) disease vector

30. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology If a pathogen can remain long-term in a specific host without the host getting the disease or remaining asymptomatic, this is referred to as the: A) natural carrier B) natural reservoir C) disease carrier D) disease vector

31. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology An infectious disease causing bacterium requires an arthropod host to continue its life cycle. Once the life cycle is complete, the bacterium enters an infective stage and is transmitted to another host. This type of transmission can be described: A) as transmission via a mechanical vector B) as transmission via a biological vector C) as transmission via fecal-oral transmission D) as transmission via vertical transmission

32. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology An infectious disease causing bacterium requires an arthropod host to continue its life cycle. Once the life cycle is complete, the bacterium enters an infective stage and is transmitted to another host. This type of transmission can be described: A) as transmission via a mechanical vector B) as transmission via a biological vector C) as transmission via fecal-oral transmission D) as transmission via vertical transmission

33. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology Fill in the blank. An infectious disease that is readily transmitted between living hosts is known as a(n) _____________ disease. Choose one answer. A) Idiopathic B) Neoplastic C) Congenital D) Communicable

34. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Biology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Biology/CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Biology/ Epidemiology Fill in the blank. An infectious disease that is readily transmitted between living hosts is known as a(n) _____________ disease. Choose one answer. A) Idiopathic B) Neoplastic C) Congenital D) Communicable

35. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology The environmental changes occurring that are imposed by humans have huge impacts on pathogenic evolution and infection to human hosts. A major impact includes: A) the establishment of new symbiotic relationships and coevolution of pathogens and host B) the jumping of pathogens from nonhuman to human hosts C) all of the choices D) the pressure exerted on the parasite to increase virulence to outcompete new parasites for hosts

36. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology The environmental changes occurring that are imposed by humans have huge impacts on pathogenic evolution and infection to human hosts. A major impact includes: A) the establishment of new symbiotic relationships and coevolution of pathogens and host B) the jumping of pathogens from nonhuman to human hosts C) all of the choices D) the pressure exerted on the parasite to increase virulence to outcompete new parasites for hosts

37. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology A scientist working in a research lab must ensure all supplies and equipment are properly working, including the biological safety cabinets, radiochemical hoods and all protective gear. She possibly works in a: A) biohazard level 1 lab B) biohazard level 2 or 3 lab C) biohazard level 2 lab D) biohazard level 3 lab

38. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology A scientist working in a research lab must ensure all supplies and equipment are properly working, including the biological safety cabinets, radiochemical hoods and all protective gear. She possibly works in a: A) biohazard level 1 lab B) biohazard level 2 or 3 lab C) biohazard level 2 lab D) biohazard level 3 lab

39. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology In terms of disease tracking in epidemiology studies, Typhoid Mary is an example of: A) a secondary case B) a tertiary case C) an original case D) an index case

40. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Epidemiology In terms of disease tracking in epidemiology studies, Typhoid Mary is an example of: A) a secondary case B) a tertiary case C) an original case D) an index case

41. Attribution Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wikipedia. "Ecological competence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_competenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_competence Wikipedia. "Epidemiology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpidemiologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology Wikipedia. "Optimal virulence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_virulenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_virulence Wikipedia. "Virulence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirulenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wikipedia. "virulence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/virulenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/virulence Wikipedia. "zoonose." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zoonoseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zoonose Wikipedia. "ecological competence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ecological%20competenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ecological%20competence Wikipedia. "Gaëtan Dugas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%25C3%25ABtan_DugasCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%25C3%25ABtan_Dugas Wikipedia. "Mary Mallon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_MallonCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mallon Wiktionary. "epidemiology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epidemiologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epidemiology Wikipedia. "Patient Zero." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient%20ZeroCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient%20Zero Wikipedia. "Index case." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_caseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case Wikipedia. "Biological hazards." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazardsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazards Wikipedia. "Biosafety level." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_levelCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level Wikipedia. "biohazards." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biohazardsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biohazards Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology

42. Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wikipedia. "Immunosuppression." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunosuppressionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression Wikipedia. "Risk factors for tuberculosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_tuberculosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_tuberculosis Wikipedia. "Immunodeficiency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunodeficiencyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency Wikipedia. "Urinary tract infection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infectionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection Wikipedia. "Influenza." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfluenzaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza Wikipedia. "Cystic fibrosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis Wikipedia. "Chronic granulomatous disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20granulomatous%20diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20granulomatous%20disease Wiktionary. "cystic fibrosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cystic+fibrosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cystic+fibrosis Wikipedia. "Epidemic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpidemicCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic Wikipedia. "Natural reservoir." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reservoirCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reservoir Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/propagated-outbreakCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/propagated-outbreak Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/common-source-outbreakCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//microbiology/definition/common-source-outbreak Wiktionary. "pandemic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandemicCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandemic Wikipedia. "Incubation period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_periodCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_period Wikipedia. "Acute infection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_infection#Primary_and_secondaryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_infection#Primary_and_secondary Wikipedia. "Prodrome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProdromeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrome Wikipedia. "Window period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_periodCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_period Wikipedia. "Convalescence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConvalescenceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convalescence Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology

43. Wikipedia. "clinical latency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clinical%20latencyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clinical%20latency Wiktionary. "subclinical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subclinicalCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subclinical Wikipedia. "viral latency." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/viral%20latencyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/viral%20latency Wikipedia. "Epidemic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpidemicCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic Wikipedia. "Infection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfectionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wiktionary. "vector." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vectorCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vector Wiktionary. "fomite." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fomiteCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fomite Wiktionary. "aerosolized." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerosolizedCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerosolized Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Epidemiology