1. Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750-1850

3. Essential Question: How did the costs of imperial wars and the Enlightenment challenge the established political structures and forms of governance and religion in Europe and the American colonies?

4. Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis European rivalries increased Dutch attacked Spanish & Portuguese possessions in Americas and in Asia British checked Dutch commercial & colonial ambitions Defeated France in Seven Years War (1756–1763) Took over French colonial possessions in Americas/India Huge costs drove them to seek new revenue (taxes) Enlightenment inspired people to question & protest new ways of collecting revenue

5. The Enlightenment and the Old Order Enlightenment thinkers applied the methods & questions of the Scientific Revolution to the study of human society

6. Enlightenment and Old Order Enlightenment encouraged reform Radical ideas banned, suppressed Women were instrumental New ideas attracted the expanding middle class Americas viewed as a new, uncorrupted place in which progress would come more quickly Benjamin Franklin came to symbolize the natural genius and the vast potential of America

7. Folk Cultures and Popular Protest Most people did not share in Enlightenment ideas people regarded the tax reforms, etc. as violations of sacred customs sometimes expressed their outrage in violent protests aimed to restore custom and precedent, not to achieve revolutionary change Rationalist Enlightenment reformers also sparked popular opposition when they sought to replace popular festivals with rational civic rituals Only revolutionary potential when they coincided with conflicts within the elite

8. The American Revolution, 1775–1800 After 1763, the British government faced two problems –Conflict between settlers and Amerindians –need for money to pay debts and for defense of colonies provoked protests in the colonies British policies undermined the Amerindian economy led to the Proclamation of 1763 Quebec Act of 1774

9. American Revolution British government tried to raise new revenue –Stamp Act of 1765 Colonists organized boycotts, staged violent protests, and attacked British officials –Boston Massacre East India Company granted a monopoly on the import of tea to the colonies –Boston Tea Party

10. The Course of Revolution, 1775–1783 Continental Congress formed support was given by the rhetoric of thousands of street- corner speakers, by Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense, and in the Declaration of Independence The British sent a military force to pacify the colonies won most of its battles –Unable to control the countryside –unable to achieve a compromise political solution to the problems of the colonies

11. The Course of Revolution, 1775–1783 Amerindians served as allies to both sides France entered the war; ally of the United States in 1778 –crucial assistance to the American forces –naval support that enabled Washington to defeat Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia Treaty of Paris (1783), gave unconditional independence to the former colonies

12. The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800 colonies drafted written constitutions Articles of Confederation served as a constitution for the United States during and after the Revolutionary War New Constitution was democratic but only a minority of the adult male population could vote protected slavery

13. The French Revolution, 1789–1815 Clergy and nobility controlled vast amounts of wealth Clergy exempt from nearly all taxes The Third Estate included the rapidly growing, wealthy middle class (bourgeoisie) While the bourgeoisie prospered, France’s peasants (80 percent of the population), were suffering in the 1780s from economic depression caused by poor harvests led to violent protests, but were not revolutionary During the 1700s, expensive wars drove France into debt French kings tried to introduce new taxes and fiscal reforms to increase revenue met with resistance

14. Protest Turns to Revolution, 1789–1792 King called Estates General to get new taxes Representatives of Third Estate & some members of First Estate declared themselves a National Assembly- pledged to incorporate idea of popular sovereignty into constitution King prepared troops to arrest members of National Assembly, Common people of Paris rose up against government- peasant uprisings broke out National Assembly wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man Desperate Parisian women marched on Versailles-captured king & family National Assembly passed new constitution-limited power of monarchy- restructured French politics & society. Austria & Prussia threatened to intervene-National Assembly declared war in 1791

15. The Terror, 1793–1794 King attempted to flee in 1792 Led to his execution & to formation of new government, National Convention-dominated by radical Mountain faction of Jacobins & by Robespierre Under Robespierre: –executive power placed in hands of Committee of Public Safety –militant feminist forces repressed –new actions against clergy approved –enemies of revolution were imprisoned & guillotined in Reign of Terror (1793–1794) In July 1794, conservatives in National Convention voted for arrest & execution of Robespierre

16. Reaction and the Rise of Napoleon, 1795–1815 After Robespierre’s execution: Convention reversed radical reforms- ratified more conservative constitution- created new executive authority, the Directory The Directory’s suspended election results of 1797 End of republican phase of the revolution Napoleon’s seized power-1799- marked beginning of popular authoritarianism Napoleon provided greater internal stability/protection of personal & property rights by: –agreement w/ Catholic Church (the Concordat of 1801), promulgating the Civil Code of 1804, and declaring himself emperor (also in 1804) –denied basic political & property rights to women –restricted speech & expression Stability depended upon success of military & diplomacy No single European state could defeat Napoleon, Occupation of Iberian Peninsula turned into costly war of attrition w/ Spanish & Portuguese resistance forces, 1812 attack on Russia ended in disaster. Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia, England defeated Napoleon in 1814

17. The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804 French Saint Domingue was one of the richest European colonies in the Americas one of the most brutal slave regimes in the Caribbean political turmoil in France weakened the ability of colonial administrators to maintain order and led to conflict between slaves and gens de couleur on the one hand and whites on the other A slave rebellion under François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture took over the colony in 1794 Napoleon’s 1802 attempt to reestablish French authority led to the capture of L’Ouverture but failed to retake the colony, which became the independent republic of Haiti in 1804 1791-Slaves rebel, end slavery, create the Western Hemispheres second independent nation; Haiti

18. Congress of Vienna: Conservative Retrenchment, 1815–1820 From 1814 to 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria met in Vienna to reestablish and safeguard the conservative order in Europe The Congress of Vienna –restored the French monarchy; –redrew the borders of France and other European states –established a Holy Alliance of Austria, Russia,& Prussia Holy Alliance defeated liberal revolutions in Spain and Italy in 1820 and tried, without success, to repress liberal and nationalist ideas

19. Nationalism, Reform, Revolution, 1821–1850 Popular support for national self-determination & democratic reform grew Greece gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1830 People of Paris forced monarchy to accept constitutional rule- extend voting privileges Democratic reform movements emerged in Britain & U.S. In US, franchise extended after War of 1812 In Britain, response to unpopular Corn Laws resulted in nearly 50% increase in number of voters In Europe, desire for national self-determination & democratic reform led to series of revolutions in 1848 –In France, monarchy overthrown-replaced by elected president (Louis Napoleon) –revolutions of 1848 failed to gain nationalist-republican objectives

20. Conclusion: The American Revolution The expense of colonial wars led to new taxes on colonials Resentment over taxation led British American colonies to fight & win independence. New American government reflected democratic ideals of the Enlightenment

21. Conclusion: The French Revolution Revolutionaries in France created a more radical form of representative democracy than the one found in America and suffered more violence as well Events in France led to the Haitian Revolution and Haiti’s independence Entrenched elite forces within, and foreign intervention from without, made the French and Haitian Revolutions more violent and destructive than the American Revolution In France, chaos led to the rise of Napoleon

22. Aftermath of Revolution Conservative retrenchment after Napoleon prevailed in short term in Europe, but nationalism and liberalism could not be held in check for long The new social classes arising with industrial capitalism ultimately demanded a new social and political order The new political freedoms were limited to a minority –Women could not participate until the twentieth century – slavery endured until the second half of the nineteenth century in America