1. Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck Lutgens 

2. Class Starter
Define the Vocabulary Words for Section 18.1 (page 504)

3. Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation
Chapter 18
Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation
Key Concepts
Which gas is most important for understanding atmospheric processes?
What happens during a change of state?
How do warm and cold air compare in their ability to hold water vapor?
What is relative humidity?
What can change the relative humidity of air?
Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke
Vocabulary
Precipitation, latent heat, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, deposition, humidity, saturated, relative humidity, dew point, hygrometer

4. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
Water’s Changes of State
18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
 Precipitation is any form of water that falls from a cloud.
 When it comes to understanding atmospheric processes, water vapor is the most important gas in the atmosphere.

5. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
Water’s Changes of State
18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
 Solid to Liquid
• The process of changing state, such as melting ice, requires that energy be transferred in the form of heat.
• Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released during a change in state.
 Liquid to Gas
• Evaporation is the process of changing a liquid to a gas.
• Condensation is the process where a gas, like water vapor, changes to a liquid, like water.

6. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
Water’s Changes of State
18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
 Solid to Gas
• Sublimation is the conversion of a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state.
• Deposition is the conversion of a vapor directly to a solid.

7. Changes of State
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8. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
Humidity
18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
 Humidity is a general term for the amount of water vapor in air.
 Saturation
• Air is saturated when it contains the maximum quantity of water vapor that it can hold at any given temperature and pressure.
• When saturated, warm air contains more water vapor than cold saturated air.

9. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
Humidity
18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
 Relative Humidity
• Relative humidity is a ratio of the air’s actual water-vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor air can hold at that temperature and pressure.
• To summarize, when the water-vapor content of air remains constant, lowering air temperature causes an increase in relative humidity, and raising air temperature causes a decrease in relative humidity.

10. Relative Humidity Varies with Temperature
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11. 18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
Humidity
18.1 Water in the Atmosphere
 Dew Point
• Dew point is the temperature to which a parcel of air would need to be cooled to reach saturation.
 Measuring Humidity
• A hygrometer is an instrument to measure relative humidity.
• A psychrometer is a hygrometer with dry- and wet-bulb thermometers. Evaporation of water from the wet bulb makes air temperature appear lower than the dry bulb’s measurement. The two temperatures are compared to determine the relative humidity.

12. Dew on a Spider Web
Figure 4
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13. Sling Psychrometer
Figure 5
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14. COPY AND FILL IN THE BLANKS
The three states of matter are _______, ________, and _______. Changing state requires that _______ be absorbed or _______. The heat used to melt ice is ________ heat. The process of changing from liquid to gas is _______. The change from water vapor to liquid is ________. The conversion of a solid directly to a gas is_________.

15. CLASSWORK
Section Assessment ( Questions 1 thru 6) must be answered in complete sentences)
Draw and label Figure 2 “Changes of State”, pg. 505
HOMEWORK
Describe at least three changes of states and explain whether or not heat is absorbed.

16. 18.1 Mini-Quiz
Which gas is most important for understanding atmospheric processes?
What is the range in volume percent of water in the atmosphere?
What does a low dew point indicate about the moisture content of air?
What can change the relative humidity of air?
What do you measure with a hygrometer?

17. 18.2 Cloud Formation Key Concepts Vocabulary
What happens to air when it is compressed or allowed to expand?
List four mechanisms that can cause air to rise.
Contrast movements of stable and unstable air.
What conditions in air favor condensation of water?
Vocabulary
Dry adiabatic rate, wet adiabatic rate, orographic lifting, front, temperature inversion, condensation nuclei.

18. 18.2 Cloud Formation Air Compression and Expansion
 Adiabatic Temperature Changes
• When air is allowed to expand, it cools, and when it is compressed, it warms.
 Expansion and Cooling
• Dry adiabatic rate is the rate of cooling or heating that applies only to unsaturated air.
• Wet adiabatic rate is the rate of adiabatic temperature change in saturated air.

19. Cloud Formation by Adiabatic Cooling
Figure 7
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20. 18.2 Cloud Formation Processes That Lift Air
 Four mechanisms that can cause air to rise are orographic lifting, frontal wedging, convergence, and localized convective lifting.
 Orographic Lifting
• Orographic lifting occurs when mountains act as barriers to the flow of air, forcing the air to ascend.
• The air cools adiabatically; clouds and precipitation may result.

21. 18.2 Cloud Formation Processes That Lift Air  Frontal Wedging
• A front is the boundary between two adjoining air masses having contrasting characteristics.

22. Orographic Lifting and Frontal Wedging
Figure 8
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23. 18.2 Cloud Formation Processes That Lift Air  Convergence
• Convergence is when air flows together and rises.
 Localized Convective Lifting
• Localized convective lifting occurs where unequal surface heating causes pockets of air to rise because of their buoyancy.

24. Convergence and Localized Convective Lifting
Con’t Figure 8
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25. 18.2 Cloud Formation Stability  Density Differences
• Stable air tends to remain in its original position, while unstable air tends to rise.
 Stability Measurements
• Air stability is determined by measuring the temperature of the atmosphere at various heights.
• The rate of change of air temperature with height is called the environmental lapse rate.

26. 18.2 Cloud Formation Stability  Degrees of Stability
• A temperature inversion occurs in a layer of limited depth in the atmosphere where the temperature increases rather than decreases with height.
 Stability and Daily Weather
• When stable air is forced above the Earth’s surface, the clouds that form are widespread and have little vertical thickness compared to their horizontal dimension.

27. 18.2 Cloud Formation Condensation
 For any form of condensation to occur, the air must be saturated.
 Types of Surfaces
• Generally, there must be a surface for water vapor to condense on.
• Condensation nuclei are tiny bits of particulate matter that serve as surfaces on which water vapor condenses when condensation occurs in the air.

28. Classwork HOMEWORK Explain one process that lifts air
Section Assessment: Use complete sentences to answer 1-6 on page 516
List the steps of what happens as a parcel of air rises through the atmosphere
Make a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast stable and unstable air parcels
HOMEWORK
Explain one process that lifts air

29. 18.2 Mini-Quiz
What happens to air temperature when it expands? When it is compressed?
What happens to heat stored in water vapor when it is cooled to its dew point?
What are thermals?
What types of weather can result when stable air rises?
What is a temperature inversion?

30. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Types of Clouds
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Clouds are classified on the basis of their form and height.
• Cirrus (cirrus = curl of hair) are clouds that are high, white, and thin.
• Cumulus (cumulus = a pile) are clouds that consist of rounded individual cloud masses.
• Stratus (stratus = a layer) are clouds best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky.

31. Cirrus Clouds
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32. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Types of Clouds
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 High Clouds
• Cirrus clouds are high, white, and thin.
• Cirrostratus clouds are flat layers of clouds.
• Cirrocumulus clouds consist of fluffy masses.
 Middle Clouds
• Altocumulus clouds are composed of rounded masses that differ from cirrocumulus clouds in that altocumulus clouds are larger and denser.
• Altostratus clouds create a uniform white to gray sheet covering the sky with the sun or moon visible as a bright spot.

33. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Types of Clouds
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Low Clouds
• Stratus clouds are best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky.
• Stratocumulus clouds have a scalloped bottom that appears as long parallel rolls or broken rounded patches.
• Nimbostratus clouds are the main precipitation makers.

34. Cloud Classification
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35. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Types of Clouds
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Clouds of Vertical Development
• Some clouds do not fit into any one of the three height categories mentioned. Such clouds have their bases in the low height range but often extend upward into the middle or high altitudes.

36. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Fog
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Fog is defined as a cloud with its base at or very near the ground.
 Fog Caused by Cooling
• As the air cools, it becomes denser and drains into low areas such as river valleys, where thick fog accumulations may occur.
 Fog Caused by Evaporation
• When cool air moves over warm water, enough moisture may evaporate from the water surface to produce saturation.

37. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
How Precipitation Forms
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow in volume by roughly one million times.
 Cold Cloud Precipitation
• The Bergeron process is a theory that relates the formation of precipitation to supercooled clouds, freezing nuclei, and the different saturation levels of ice and liquid water.

38. The Bergeron Process
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39. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
How Precipitation Forms
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Cold Cloud Precipitation
• Supercooled water is the condition of water droplets that remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below 0oC.
• Supersaturated air is the condition of air that is more concentrated than is normally possible under given temperature and pressure conditions.

40. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
How Precipitation Forms
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Warm Cloud Precipitation
• The collision-coalescence process is a theory of raindrop formation in warm clouds (above 0oC) in which large cloud droplets collide and join together with smaller droplets to form a raindrop.

41. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Forms of Precipitation
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 The type of precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower few kilometers of the atmosphere.
 Rain and Snow
• In meteorology, the term rain means drops of water that fall from a cloud and have a diameter of at least 0.5 mm.
• At very low temperatures (when the moisture content of air is low) light fluffy snow made up of individual six-sided ice crystals forms.

42. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
Forms of Precipitation
18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation
 Rain and Snow
• Sleet is the fall of clear-to-translucent ice.
• Hail is produced in cumulonimbus clouds.
• Hailstones begin as small ice pellets that grow by collecting supercooled water droplets as they fall through a cloud.

43. Largest Recorded Hailstone
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44. Classwork HOMEWORK STUDY FOR TEST
Complete the Reading Strategy (pg.517)
Draw a flowchart showing the major steps in the Bergeron process of precipitation formation
Section Assessment: Use complete sentences to answer 1-6 on page 522 and Writing in Science
HOMEWORK
STUDY FOR TEST

45. 18.3 Mini-Quiz How are clouds classified? What does cirrus mean?
What does cumulus mean?
Identify each of the following as producers as heavy, light, or no precipitation.
Cirrocumulus
Cumulonimbus
Stratus
Nimbostratus
What controls the type of precipitation that reaches the surface?