2. Microscopes & Cells California State Standards: 1.a Students know cells are enclosed within semi-permeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings. 1.c. Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure. 1.e. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins. *1.j. Students know how eukaryotic cells are given shape and internal organization by a cytoskeleton or cell wall or both.

3. Microscopes and Cells: History In 1663, __________ coined the term “cells” 10 years later, _________________ observed bacteria and protozoa In 1833, __________ observed and coined the term “nucleus” Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek Robert Browne

4. Cell Theory: History In 1838 (and 1839) German scientists, ________________ & ________________ independently came up with the “Cell Theory” Matthias Schleiden Theodore Schwann Guten Tag, Dr. Shwann Guten Tag, Dr. Schleiden It appears we have come up with a very similar theory… What shall we call this theory?

5. Cell Theory 1.All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2.Cells are organisms' basic units of structure and function. 3.Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation).

6. In 1855, German physician Rudolph Virchow discovered that… I do believe that all cells must come from pre- existing cells.

7. How big are cells? Eukaryotic cells include _______ & _______ cells. Most eukaryotic cells are between __ and ___  m. What is the limit of the light microscope? Why? What is used to see smaller objects? __________________ plantanimal 10100 Electron Microscopes 0.2  m

8. Electron Microscopy ___________ Electron Microscopes (TEM) emit light through a thin piece of heavy metal ion stained tissue ________ Electron Microscopes (SEM) reflect light off of a piece of heavy metal ion stained tissue Transmission Scanning

9. Prokaryotic Cells DNA (Nucleoid) Ribosomes Plasma Membrane FlagellumFlagella Cytoplasm TEM of a bacterium CiliumCilia

10. Differences and similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Differences Prokaryotes lack: 1. True nucleus 2. Membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes are much smaller than eukaryotes (prokaryotes are about 1 – 10  m) Similarities Both have: 1.DNA 2.Cytoplasm 3.Ribosomes 4.Plasma Membrane

11. The Plasma Membrane TEM of a red blood cell Hydrophilic Region Hydrophobic Region Phospholipid Proteins Carbohydrate side chains

12. The Plasma Membrane It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows for the passage of certain things based upon ______. What are the forms of transport across a cell membrane? H 2 O produced by cell during respiration size

13. Plant and Animal Cells Comparing and Contrasting Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells

14. Nucleus Ribosomes are made here: In non-dividing cells, DNA and proteins are here: Openings in the nuclear membrane SEM of a freeze-fractured nuclear membrane TEM of nuclear pores nucleolus chromatin Nuclear pores

15. Ribosomes: Function in TEM of ribosomes Free ribosomes Attached ribosomes (on ER) protein synthesis Ribosome unit free ribosomes 1.Proteins made by free ribosomes stay in the cell attached ribosomes 2.Proteins made by attached ribosomes are shipped out of the cell or sent to the membrane

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum There are two types: 1. ER has ribosomes attached. Modifies & transports proteins 2. ER does not have ribosomes on it. Synthesizes Metabolizes carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs & poisons Rough Smooth lipids

17. Golgi Apparatus ER products move here in It is the center of Manufacturing, Warehousing, Sorting and Shipping vesicles

18. Mitochondria takes place in this organelle. It is often called the “ “ of the cell. Cellular Respiration powerhouse

19. The Cytoskeleton A network of fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm Three types: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments

20. Cytoskeleton: Functions 1.Provides shape and support 2.Moves the cell and organelles 3.Regulates biochemical activities in cell Organelle

21. Centrosome Microtubules grow out of this structure In animal cells, a pair of structures called that are involved in cell division. centrioles centrosome

22. Cilia and Flagella Cellular projections that aide in movement Flagella are longer & move in a snake-like motion. Cilia are shorter, more numerous and move back & forth

23. Microvilli Projections from the cell’s surface that increase the surface area. Microvilli Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments

24. Lysosomes Membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes digestive Lysosome engulfing a peroxisome and a mitochondria

25. Vacuoles Large, central organelle Stores water and waste products In animals, it stores food Protists have a Contractile Vacuole

26. Chloroplasts An organelle that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy The process is called: Photosynthesis

27. Cell Wall Found in plant and bacterial cells. Surrounding the, this feature does the following for plant cells: 1.Provides Support 2.Provides Protection cell membrane