1. Unit 2 Chemistry Test Review

3. What is Matter? Anything that has _______ and _________.

4. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and volume.

5. What is the smallest unit of matter? Hint: not a Chihuahua!

6. An Atom! What is the smallest unit of matter?

7. What is an ? Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company!

8. An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) Other Examples: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous

9. What are atoms made up of? What are their charges? ?

10. What are atoms made up of? What are their charges?

11. What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom? (Larger Number)

12. What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom? Protons + Neutrons

13. What does the Atomic Number represent in an atom?

14. What does the Atomic Number represent in an atom? # of Protons Also tells how many electrons are present

16. Remember: Ion “I” am greedy! “I” give or take electrons but do not share!

17. OK, now you know what an ion is, so what is an Ionic Bond?

18. “I”onic Bond: When electrons are gained or lost (NO SHARING) between atoms to make a compound. Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take electrons but do not share!

19. What is a covalent bond? Hint: Co-captains share their position Atom

20. Covalent bond: When two atoms share electrons to create a compound.

21. What are Isotopes?

22. Isotopes are same element with different numbers of NEUTRONS!

23. OK…Isotopes are the same element with different numbers of neutrons. How can I remember that?

24. I so hope (sounds like Isotope) Jimmy Neutron doesn’t push the wrong button! Silly, but you’ll remember it!

25. Define: Compound

26. 2 or more elements combined chemically Compound

27. Chemical and Physical

29. What type of changes in matter would be considered to be physical?

31. What type of changes in matter would be considered to be chemical?

33. What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of ___?___ in a solution.

34. What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. H+ = OH- H+ OH-

35. What is a Buffer? Don’t have a clue? Hint: We have been dealing with pH, so it probably has something to do with that.

36. What? It is a weak acid or base Does? That reacts with strong acid or base Why? to bring the pH back to neutral (Homeostasis) Buffer

37. What is a mixture? What are the 2 types of mixtures that we talked about?

38. What is a mixture? When two things are mixed together PHYSICALLY but can be separated What are the 2 types of mixtures that we talked about? SOLUTION = even mixing (salt water) SUSPENSION = won’t stay mixed (Italian dressing)

39. Define & Give and Example: Solute Solvent Solution

40. Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT Solvent : What does the dissolving Ex: WATER Solution: When a solute is dissolved in a solvent Ex: Salt + Water

41. What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

42. Suspension: No Dissolving Sand + Water Oil + Vinegar

43. What is COHESION? What is ADHESION?

44. What is COHESION? What is ADHESION? Same molecules sticking together Water + Water Different molecules sticking together Water + Glass

45. What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?

46. HYDROGEN BONDS

47. H (+) O (-) H (+) What is polarity? See a resemblance?

48. H (+) O (-) H (+) Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons causing (+) on one side and (-) on the other See a resemblance?

49. MACROMOLECULES

51. “__________________” removes water (H2O) when putting monomers together to make polymers.

52. “DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS” removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers.

53. Name the 4 types of macromolecules? They are all organic compounds because they contain what?

54. Name the 4 types of macromolecules?  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids They are all organic compounds because they contain what?  CARBON

55. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What elements are in carbohydrates ?

56. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

57. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What is the monomer for Carbohydrates?

58. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Glucose Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

59. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are the two functions?

60. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

61. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are animal and plant examples of stored energy?

62. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

63. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are examples of plant and animal structure or support?

64. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

65. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What the elements are for lipids?

66. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Mostly Carbon & Hydrogen, some Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

67. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What are the monomers for lipids?

68. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

69. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What are the 4 functions of lipids?

70. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

71. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes Give examples of each function

72. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

73. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the elements for proteins?

74. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

75. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the monomers of protein?

76. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

77. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the 6 functions of Proteins?

78. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

79. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are examples of each function?

80. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids MovementMuscles Absorb LightPigments Chemical SignalsHormones Fight InfectionsAntibodies Carries OxygenHemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

81. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the elements for Nucleic Acids?

82. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

83. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the monomers for Nucleic Acids?

84. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

85. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the functions 3 of Nucleic Acids?

86. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

87. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are examples of the functions?

88. Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

89. Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?

90. PROTEINS

91. What are Enzymes? ?

92. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

93. Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help _____________________. Name the 3 parts

94. Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions. Must know the 3 parts Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Lock & Key

95. What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?

96. Temperature & pH

97. Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C

98. Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C Reactants Products

99. What is Activation Energy?

100. Energy needed to get a reaction started

101. What is the difference between Exergonic and Endergonic reactions?

102. Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started) Energy Released Energy Absorbed

103. Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… __________, ___________, and ___________

104. Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… Heat, Light, Sound

105. A B What is the difference between reaction A & B?

106. A B