1. A Brief History of Microprocessors Lecture L11.0 Sections 1.1, 9.1

2. Some Microprocessors Intel 4004 Intel 8080 Motorola 6800 MOS Technology 6502 Intel 8088/8086 Motorola 6809 Motorola 68000 Intel Pentium

3. A Typical Computer System

9. The 8080 Microprocessor 40-pin chip Developed by Intel in 1974 16 Address Lines –Can address 2 16 = 64 Kbytes of memory 8 Data Lines Required +5V, +12V and -5V First microprocessor to become widely used

10. The 8080 Microprocessor PSW A C E L B D H SP PC Program Status Word Primary Accumulator Secondary Accumlators/ Data Counters Stack Pointer Program Counter

12. The 6800 Microprocessor 40-pin chip Developed by Motorola in 1975 16 address lines and 8 data lines Used only +5V

13. The 6800 Microprocessor Registers A B X PC SP CC Accumulator A Accumulator B Index register X Program counter Stack pointer Condition code register

15. The 6502 Microprocessor 40-pin chip Developed by MOS Technology, Inc. in 1976 16 address lines and 8 data lines Based on the Motorola 6800 Used in many home computers including the –Apple II –Commodore PET –Atari

16. The 6502 Microprocessor Registers A X Y PC SP Status Accumulator Index register X Index register Y Program counter Stack pointer Status register

18. The 8088/8086 Microprocessor 40-pin chip Developed by Intel in 1978 20 address lines –Can address 2 20 = 1 Mbyte of memory 8/16 multiplexed data lines in 8088/8086 8088 used in the first IBM PC in 1981

19. 8086 Registers

20. Computing 20-Bit Address 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 16-bit segment address 16-bit offset address 20-bit actual or effective address + 4B49 + 492D 4FDBD Segment address Offset address Actual address

21. 8086 Segments Segment address Offset addresses within segment

23. The 6809 Microprocessor 40-pin chip Developed by Motorola in 1979 16 address lines and 8 data lines Used in the Radio Shack Color Computer Widely used in industrial controllers

24. The 6809 Microprocessor Registers AB Y S U DP Accumulator A:B = D Index register X Index register Y System stack pointer User stack pointer Program counter Direct page register Condition code register X CC PC

26. The 68000 Microprocessor 64-pin chip Developed by Motorola in 1979 24 address lines –Can address 2 24 = 16 Mbytes of memory 16 data lines Used in the original Macintosh Computer

27. The 68000 MicroprocessorRegisters 31 16 15 8 7 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Data Registers 31 16 15 0 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A7’ Address Registers Program Counter Status/CCR

28. 1981IBM PC, uses Intel 8088 1982Motorola 68010 1982Motorola 68008 1984Intel 8028610 MHz, 130,000 transistors 1984Motorola 6802032-Bit address and data busses Integrated Microcontroller 1985Motorola 68HC11 1986Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz 1986Intel 8038616 MHz, 275,000 transistors 1987Motorola 68030 1988Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz 1989Intel 8048625 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors 1990Intel 8048650 MHz 1992Intel Pentium4,000,000 Transistors 1997Motorola 68HC12Enhanced 68HC11

29. Intel Microprocessors 8086 -- 40-pin DIP (dual in-line package) 80286 -- 68-pin PGA (pin grid array) 80386DX -- 132-pin PGA 80486DX -- 168-pin PGA The Pentium -- 237-pin PGA The Pentium Pro -- 387-pin PGA

30. 80486DX -- 168-pin PGA

31. Some Intel Microprocessors

34. The 8086 - Pentium Pro Registers

35. The Segment Register in the Protected Mode

36. The Descriptor Formats Base address = starting location of memory segment Limit = last offset address in segment G = granularity bit G = 0: Limit is length of 1 to 1M bytes G = 1: Limit is any multiple of 4K bytes Note: 2 20 x 4K = 2 20 x 2 12 = 2 32 = 4G bytes

37. DS register accesses memory locations 100000H-1000FFH

38. 1981IBM PC, uses Intel 8088 1982Motorola 68010 1982Motorola 68008 1984Intel 8028610 MHz, 130,000 transistors 1984Motorola 6802032-Bit address and data busses Integrated Microcontroller 1985Motorola 68HC11 1986Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz 1986Intel 8038616 MHz, 275,000 transistors 1987Motorola 68030 1988Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz 1989Intel 8048625 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors 1990Intel 8048650 MHz 1992Intel Pentium4,000,000 Transistors 1997Motorola 68HC12Enhanced 68HC11

39. The 68HC11/12 RAMCPUEEPROM ROM/ EPROM TIMER PARALLEL I/O SPISCI A/D 68HC11/12

40. The 68HC12(11) Registers