1. 1 Hazard Detection Equipment Critical Life Safety

2. 2 Flame Detectors - Past

3. 3 Flame Detectors - Present X2200 UV X3301 MSIR X3302 MSIR(H2) X5200 UVIR X9800 IR

4. 4 Flame Detection - The Reasons Actual loss/catastrophe Fire department/AHJ requirement Code requirement Recognition of risk/preventative measure

5. 5 Flame Detection - The Means

6. 6 The Basis of Optical Flame Detection

7. 7 Electro-Magnetic Spectrum

8. 8 Gasoline Flame Spectral Signature

9. 9 Optical Flame Detection - Advantages Rapid detection capability Detects from a distance Highly resistant to environmental conditions (wind, cold, rain) Self-check capability

10. 10 Optical Flame Detection - Limitations Useless on smoldering fires Requires “line of sight” Technically sophisticated Higher Cost

11. 11 The Customer Expectation Detect Fire Only Fire Anytime there is fire Anywhere there is fire Or annunciate a fault condition

12. 12 Optical Flame Detection - The Strategy Utilize features of flame emissions

13. 13 Consecutive gates UV Spectral Selection to Minimize Interference Terrestrial Solar Spectrum

14. 14 Consecutive gates IR Spectral Selection Pick a Bright Spot

15. 15 Consecutive gates IR Spectral Selection Minimize Solar Interference Mid-IR Flame Emission Band Terrestrial Solar Spectrum

16. 16 Consecutive gates IR Spectral Selection Minimize Solar Interference

17. 17 Optical Flame Detection The Methods UV Detection IR Detection UV/IR Detection Multi-IR Detection

18. 18 Optical Flame Detection The False Alarm Challenges UV - emitted by nearly all fires but... electrical discharge arc-welding, lightning, motors are also strong UV emitters. IR - fire has strong emissions but… so do hot objects. UVIR - improved false alarm resistance but… it is vulnerable to combinations.

19. 19 Consecutive gates Blackbody IR Emissions

20. 20 Fire “flickers” randomly. Non-flame IR –Tends to be static or –“flickers” with a regular period. No Fire Alarm Fire Alarm! Advanced Technology IR Temporal Features

21. 21 Consecutive gates Advanced Technology UV Temporal Features Fire produces continuous UV Many electrical discharges are momentary

22. 22 Consecutive gates Multi-IR Method

23. 23 Multi-IR - excellent false alarm resistance and flame detection but.. it is complex & hard to do well. –Fuels vary in IR emissions –Black body sources desensitize –IR filter band-pass “blue-shifts” off-axis Multi-IR Flame Detection The Challenges

24. 24 Fuel Type Emissions

25. 25 CO2 Emission Peak Patented wavelength criteria Wavelength X3301 4 microns5 microns

26. 26 From The Detectors Point Of View

27. 27 How Flame Detectors See the World Conically-shaped area extending from detector optics Center axis provides highest sensitivity Detection range depends on detector & fuel type Optimum protection leaves no gaps in COV layout

28. 28 Consecutive gates MIR Challenges Filter “Blueshift” RE F A

29. 29 Interference Desensitization FLAME SUN FLAME + SUN