1. Notes 4/15

2. Chapter 16 Bacteria and Viruses

3. Did you know?!!?!?!? –Bacteria are small living things –It would take a million to cover a pin head (another way to think about a million of something is to think of the characters (letters punctuation) in a 500 page book, or that it would take you 12 days to count to a million non- stop)

4. DID YOU KNOW!?!?!?!? –Bacteria live on/around; water, air, people, food, soil, animals –Some bacteria are good and some are bad –Bacteria grow best when they have food, warmth, water and time –Bacteria grow best within a temperature of 8°C and 63°C

5. Bacteria grow well on certain types of food such as; Meat Chicken Fish Cooked Rice Cooked Pasta Milk Cheese Eggs Meat pies Cream Gravy

6. Prokaryotes Or 100 Trillion Friends That You Didn’t Know You Had You Didn’t Know You Had

7. Bacteria Were once included in Kingdom Monera (which doesn’t exist anymore) Now 2 separate groups: –Archeabacteria –Eubacteria

8. Archaebacteria—cell wall lacks peptidoglycan --contains membrane lipids (fats) not found in any other living things. --Live in extremely harsh environments Ex.-Oxygen-free locations (thick mud, digestive tract of animals, Great Salt Lake, hot springs, etc)

9. Biologists refer to Archeaebacteria as “extremophiles” (Lovers of the extremes) Thermophiles: Heat lovers; live in hot springs of Yellowstone National Park or deep sea ocean vents Halophiles: Salt lovers; thrive in areas like Great Salt Lake Methanogens: Oxygen free environments; such as mud at bottom of lakes and swamps where they produce “swamp gas” (methane)

10. Eubacteria—usually surrounded by a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan—a carbohydrate) that protects the cell from injury and determines its shape --As a result (of the protective cell wall), these bacteria can live almost anywhere. (fresh water, salt water, on land, on or in human body, etc)

11. E. coli, a Typical Eubacterium DNA Pili Flagellum

12. Bacilli: rod-shaped prok’s Cocci: Spherical prok’s Spirilla: Spiral and corkscrew- shaped prok’s Prokaryotes are identified by: 1. SHAPE

13. 2.Cell Walls Two Two different kinds in Eubacteria. Completely composed of peptidoglycan (thick) Less peptidoglycan and an additional outer membrane (thin) How can you tell the difference?? Gram Staining: Test with violet and pink dyes. purple Gram-Positive; Under a microscope, if the bacteria is purple they are Gram-Positive; This is because of extra thick cell wall (lots of peptidoglycan) pinkGram-negative. If bacteria is pink it is Gram-negative. (not a lot of peptidoglycan)

14. Gram Staining Procedure

15. How is Gram Staining Useful? Gram- positive bacteriaDoctors use Gram staining to identify bacteria in order to prescribe the correct antibiotics. Some antibiotics only work against Gram- positive bacteria.

16. 3. Movement Some move, some don’t (non-motile) If they do move, how do they move? -flagella (might be scattered all over the cell, or in one area) -pili (short projections that help bacteria stick to each other and to surfaces) -“spiral” or “snake” forward -glide a slime like material they secrete

17. Metabolic Diversity Ways bacteria obtain energy! (modes of nutrition) Chemoheterotrophs-must take in organic molecules for both energy and supply of carbon Photoheterotroph-perform photosynthesis for energy, but must take in organic compounds as a carbon source

18. Photoautotrophs-use light energy to convert CO 2 and H 2 O to carbon compounds and O 2 Chemoautotrophs-make organic carbon molecules from CO 2 (don’t require light)

19. Growth and Reproduction -Bacteria will divide very quickly if their environment is favorable Asexual reproduction -Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction - offspring are genetically identical to parent - no new genetic combinations - under ideal conditions can occur every 20 min - creates large numbers of bacteria in a short time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xi2Nc1UicQ Jeff Simmonds - The Multiplication Song

21. Each spot representsEach spot represents a single bacterial a single bacterial cell that reproduced cell that reproduced by binary fission to by binary fission to produce millions of produce millions of genetically identical genetically identical cells. cells. Genetically identical,Genetically identical, good or bad? good or bad?

22. Exchanging Genetic Information Bacterial cells need to be able to exchange genetic informationBacterial cells need to be able to exchange genetic information - creates new genetic combinations which increases the ability of the bacteria to survive - creates new genetic combinations which increases the ability of the bacteria to survive Bacteria have 3 methods for exchanging DNABacteria have 3 methods for exchanging DNA -Transduction – viruses carry DNA from one bacterial cell to another -Transduction – viruses carry DNA from one bacterial cell to another -Transformation – bacteria can absorb “naked” DNA released by dead bacteria from the environment -Transformation – bacteria can absorb “naked” DNA released by dead bacteria from the environment - Conjugation – two bacteria join at a conjugation bridge, one bacteria passes on a copy of its plasmid or chromosome - Conjugation – two bacteria join at a conjugation bridge, one bacteria passes on a copy of its plasmid or chromosome

23. Exchanging Genetic Information

24. Read in your book about Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction (pg. 364- 365) Be Creative Summarize each and draw a picture to help you explain what is occurring… Be Creative! Don’t just copy drawings in book!