1. PATH previewing P urpose A udience T hesis or topic H ook

2. P urpose What is the purpose of the essay? Describe Describe someone who … Describe something that … Describe a place that … Narrative Expository Persuasive

3. P urpose What is the purpose of the essay? Describe Narrative Tell a story … Tell what happened when … Expository Persuasive

4. P urpose What is the purpose of the essay? Describe Narrative Expository Explain a process or how something works … Explain an idea … Explain why something is important to understand or to do … Explain the steps for how to do something … Persuasive

5. P urpose What is the purpose of the essay? Describe Narrative Expository Persuasive Persuade someone to do something … Persuade someone why ___ is better than ____ …

6. A udience Who do you hope will read this? Who are you writing this for? What does this person already know about this topic? What are some background experiences this person might have that is related to this topic?

7. T hesis or topic What are some words you can use to signal to the reader what kind of essay this is? Descriptive “I’ll describe what it was like to …” Narrative “This is a story about …” Expository “These are the steps for how to …” Persuasive “I’m going to try to convince you to …”

8. H ook What might you write that will make your reader interested in your topic? “Do you think witches are real?” What might you write that gets the reader thinking about background experiences related to your topic? “Have you ever broken a leg or arm or known someone who has?”

9. The PLAN writing strategy Designed to make the writing process more explicit Especially useful for helping students organize their thoughts Won’t solve writing problems, but goes a not way toward impacting them © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com

10. The PLAN writing strategy Preview Preview the PATH Preview words to use List ideas Assign order Note sentences © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com

11. ThePLAN writing strategy Preview Preview the PATH Purpose – get people to protect eagles Audience – kids my age Topic – eagle problems Hook – baby eagles

12. © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com What would be some good words to use when I write about Bald Eagles? Bald Eagles nest majestic in danger fly National Bird DDT white heads ThePLAN writing strategy Preview Preview the PATH Preview words to use baby eagles

13. © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com

28. Computer Fraud Most people think of computers as great tools for playing games, word processing, and surfing the net. Crooks see them as great tools for ripping you off. There are many ways to commit computer fraud, and three of the most common are hacking, stealing, and abuse. Hacking basically means breaking into a system and having full access to the information when you have no right to be there. It’s sort of like breaking into someone’s home and looking around for something valuable. Some burglars look for something specific like your jewelry, and some look for anything valuable. It’s the same with hackers. Some are looking for something specific, and some are looking for any information that might be valuable. Hackers break into systems by stealing passwords and codes to access the information. They either steal the password by looking over your shoulder and watching what you type when you log in, or they use special “hacker” software programs designed to “crack” open files. You can prevent getting “hacked” by changing your password often and by changing it immediately anytime you suspect somebody may be accessing your stuff without your permission. Another way to commit computer fraud is by stealing. The idea is to steal money, information, or computer-time, without the owner knowing it. A lot of people copy software so they don’t have to buy it, but that’s basically © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com

29. stealing too. Net-thieves like to steal your credit card number and then use it to buy stuff or to pay for computer time on the net. You can prevent getting ripped off by changing your access codes often, and by not giving out your credit card number on the phone or on the net. Some people actually damage the computer or software so it doesn’t do what its supposed to do. They do things like demagnetize files (this erases them completely) and put viruses or “Trojan Horses” on your computer. These often cause your system to fail or it may tell your computer to erase all of your files. Bummer! The main reason why computers are abused this way is to cover up elicit deals (e.g., stealing your credit card number) or getting rid of other evidence of fraud (stealing information from your files). For example, a student might put a virus on a teacher’s computer to cover up the fact that teacher’s test had been accessed. The best way to protect yourself from this kind of abuse is to make back-ups of all files that are important and stored these on separate disks. Its also very important to use a virus-checker anytime you insert a new disk into your computer. To summarize, there are many ways to commit fraud on a computer, and it can happen to you very easily, so you need to take actions to protect yours © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com

30. Read your work out loud. Listen for: * Sentences that do not make sense. * Incorrect use of grammar SCOPE editing strategy © 2003 E.S. Ellis www.GraphicOrganizers.com Use your SCOPE to find and fix errors Are all words spelled correctly? Focus on: * Words that don’t look correct * Long words * Proper nouns Assume at least five words are misspelled - find them. Mark EVERY word that could possibly be misspelled. Does each sentence begin with a capital letter? Are all proper nouns capitalized? Have any words been left out of the sentence? Check each sentence to make sure it ends with a punctuation mark. Were commas used to separate items in a series? Quotation marks used for dialogue? C apitalization C c E ar . ? ! P unctuation S pelling kat cat O missions Watch out for: * Sentence fragments * Run-on sentences * Changing tense singular/plural misalignments between nouns and verbs The boysis going fishing. vs. The boysare going fishing. Watch out for: * Dates * Using commas when they are not needed * Describing what somebody said (quotes NOT needed) vs. stating exactly what somebody said (quotes needed) Watch out for words your mind sees because they belong there, but were not actually written. Watch out for general types of things tiger vs. proper names Tony Tiger Watch out for homonyms seavs.see therevs. their here vs.hear Watch out forie vs.ei spellings If possible, read your paper at a later time to see if it still makes sense. Read your paper out loud to yourself or to someone else. Have someone read your paper out loud to you and suggest changes.

31. Read your work out loud. Listen for: * Sentences that do not make sense. * Incorrect use of grammar SCOPE editing strategy © 2003 E.S. Ellis www.GraphicOrganizers.com Use your SCOPE to find and fix errors Are all words spelled correctly? Focus on: * Words that don’t look correct * Long words * Proper nouns Assume at least five words are misspelled - find them. Mark EVERY word that could possibly be misspelled. Does each sentence begin with a capital letter? Are all proper nouns capitalized? Have any words been left out of the sentence? Check each sentence to make sure it ends with a punctuation mark. Were commas used to separate items in a series? Quotation marks used for dialogue? C apitalization C c E ar . ? ! P unctuation S pelling kat cat O missions Watch out for: * Sentence fragments * Run-on sentences * Changing tense singular/plural misalignments between nouns and verbs The boysis going fishing. vs. The boysare going fishing. Watch out for: * Dates * Using commas when they are not needed * Describing what somebody said (quotes NOT needed) vs. stating exactly what somebody said (quotes needed) Watch out for words your mind sees because they belong there, but were not actually written. Watch out for general types of things tiger vs. proper names Tony Tiger Watch out for homonyms seavs.see therevs. their here vs.hear Watch out forie vs.ei spellings If possible, read your paper at a later time to see if it still makes sense. Read your paper out loud to yourself or to someone else. Have someone read your paper out loud to you and suggest changes.

32. Scaffolding the development of editing skills Grades K-1 sCoPE 1-2SCoPE 3-5SCOPE 6-12SCOPE