1. Deciding How to Write
Informal and formal writing styles *NOTES GO IN SECTION 2 OF YOUR NOTEBOOK!

2. Writing Style: Defined
How one chooses to carry out written communication
Two main types: formal and informal
FORMAL: done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette; suitable for or constituting an official or important situation or occasion.
INFORMAL: having a relaxed, friendly, or unofficial style, manner, or nature.
All depends on one thing: YOUR AUDIENCE

3. ASK YOURSELF: Who will be reading my written work?
Knowing Your Audience
Adapt the content to address the main concerns of your audience
Also help you to decide on the “voice” to use
Very busy people  brief written style that conveys the key messages quickly and clearly
ASK YOURSELF: Who will be reading my written work?

4. Informal Writing Style
Answer to previous question…
Friend
Family member
Close colleague
Anyone you know personally

5. Informal Writing Style
Colloquial Similar to a spoken conversation. May include: slang, figures of speech, broken syntax, asides and so on.  Takes a personal tone as if you were speaking directly to your audience (the reader). You can use the first or third person point of view (I and we), and you are likely to address the reader using second person (you and your).
Simple – Short sentences are acceptable and sometimes essential to making a point in informal writing. There may be incomplete sentences or ellipsis(…) to make points.
Contractions and Abbreviations – Words are likely to be simplified using contractions (for example, I’m, doesn’t, couldn’t, it’s) and abbreviations (e.g. TV, photos) whenever possible.

6. Formal Writing Style Answer to previous question… Potential employer
Authority figure outside of family (teacher, pastor, coach, principal)
A person whom you have never met before

7. Formal Writing Style
Complex – Longer sentences are likely to be more prevalent in formal writing. You need to be as thorough as possible with your approach to each topic when you are using a formal style. Each main point needs to be introduced, elaborated and concluded.
Objective – State main points confidently and offer full support arguments. A formal writing style shows a limited range of emotions and avoids emotive punctuation such as exclamation points, ellipsis, etc., unless they are being cited from another source.
Full Words – No contractions should be used to simplify words (in other words use "It is" rather than "It's").  Abbreviations must be spelt out in full when first used, the only exceptions being when the acronym is better known than the full name (BBC, ITV or NATO for example).
Third Person – Formal writing is not a personal writing style.  The formal writer is disconnected from the topic and does not use the first person point of view (I or we) or second person (you).

8. See the Difference EXAMPLE 1
This is to inform you that your book has been rejected by our publishing company as it was not up to the required standard. In case you would like us to reconsider it, we would suggest that you go over it and make some necessary changes EXAMPLE 2
You know that book I wrote? Well, the publishing company rejected it. They thought it was awful. But hey, I did the best I could, and I think it was great. I’m not gonna redo it the way they said I should.

9. In My Class (and All Your Others)
FORMAL UNTIL TOLD OTHERWISE!

10. Today’s Assignment (Monday)
Think of a topic. Keep it general
No: My cat Fluffy
Yes: Cats
Write a one-paragraph (5-7 sentences) letter to your friend about something pertaining to your topic.
Write a one-paragraph (5-7 sentences) letter to Mr. Kilhoffer using the same content from the letter you wrote to your friend.
SHOULD BE SAME MESSAGE, BUT DELIVERED DIFFERENTLY!

11. The Writing Process
Pre-Writing
Drafting
Revising
Editing
Publishing

12. Pre-Writing
Informal
Writer brainstorms ideas to determine what to write about
Consider these concepts…
What is my topic?
What type of writing is it? (Essay, letter, poem, etc.)
What is my main goal? (Author’s Purpose)
How will you achieve your goal?
Persuade  I want to convince my reader to believe something that I do
Inform  I want to further explain something to make the reader more knowledgeable
Entertain  I want to appeal to my reader’s emotions

13. Brainstorming Analyze the prompt (question) Determine topic options
Three-Column-Notes
Column 1: Topic Ideas (Paper topic)
Column 2: Sub-topic Ideas (Paragraph)
Column 3: Paragraph points (Most Sentences)
Topic Determined  Cluster Map (Web)
Topic in the center (Paper)
At least 4 branches (Paragraph)
At least 2 branches off each branch (Most Sentences)

14. Outlining Transfer the web into an alpha-numeric outline
Determine which branch will be written first, second, etc. (Roman Numerals)
Determine which sub-branch will be written first, second, etc. (Capital letters)
If any additional information needs to be outlined about a sub-branch (Standard Numerals)

15. Drafting Only after you have… -Brainstormed topic ideas
-Determined your topic
-Created a web
-Transferred your web into an outline
…are you ready to begin your first draft

16. Drafting
Informal
Writer begins to write his/her paper using the outline as a guide
Mrs. Longley’s Helpful Hint: Avoid drafting the introduction until you have finished the entire assignment
Once you have a full idea of how your paper sounds, then you can go back and make a unique introduction that prepares your audience for what he/she will be reading

17. Today’s Assignment (Tuesday)
Brainstorm ideas to address the following question in a 4- paragraph essay
What is one thing in life that makes you the most proud of yourself?
Create a three-column-notes of at least 3 potential topic ideas
Create a web using the topic you have chosen
Transfer your web into an alpha-numeric outline

18. Revising and Editing: What to Look For
FIND THE MAIN POINT
Can you find the thesis (main point) within the introduction?
Is it obvious what you will be reading about?

19. Revising and Editing: What to Look For
IDENTIFY READERS/AUDIENCE
You: Did you reach your author’s purpose (goal)?
Other: What does the author’s purpose appear to be? Check with him/her to see if it’s correct.
PERSUADE. INFORM. ENTERTAIN

20. Revising and Editing: What to Look For
EVALUATE THE EVIDENCE
Do all of the ideas support your thesis?
Is there ever a point where the paper has useless information? (Gets off topic)

21. Revising and Editing: What to Look For
TIGHTEN AND CLEAN UP LANGUAGE
Become an English teacher
If a word doesn’t sound right, it probably isn’t
Check spelling, capitalization, and word choice

22. Revising and Editing: What to Look For
MAKE NOTE OF GRAMMAR ISSUES
Continue being an English teacher
Make note of potential grammar problems, even if you don’t know how to fix them yourself
Look for sentence fragments and/or sentences that are way too long (run-ons)

23. Revising and Editing: What to Look For
EMMERSE YOURSELF AS THE READER INSTEAD OF THE WRITER
Don’t go easy on yourself
Read your paper slowly
Read your paper multiple times
Read your paper out loud

24. IF THE ANSWER IS “NO” TO ANY OF THESE, MAKE NECESSARY CHANGES (EDIT)
Last Changes to Be Made
Are your ideas meeting the requirements of the assignment?
Does each paragraph flow smoothly into the next?
Does your introduction catch the reader’s attention and get him/her excited about what’s next?
Does your conclusion provide a powerful ending that recaps your overall message?
IF THE ANSWER IS “NO” TO ANY OF THESE, MAKE NECESSARY CHANGES (EDIT)

25. Revising and Editing: Bottom Line
Essentially…
Revising is look for mistakes and/or areas of improvement within the writing itself
Editing is following through with those mistakes and/or areas of improvement (actually changing them within the paper itself)
COMPUTERS DO NOT CATCH EVERY SPELLING/GRAMMAR MISTAKE!

26. Spelling/Grammar Check Fails

27. Spelling/Grammar Check Fails

28. Spelling/Grammar Check Fails

29. Mrs. Longley’s Helpful Hint
Depending on the size of the writing…
Do a paragraph by paragraph editing instead of waiting until you are completely finished
Will help you remember all of your ideas because you are reading them in shorter increments (paragraph fluency)
Still go back and re-read in case you missed something else

30. Today’s Assignment (Wednesday)
Finish Monday and Tuesday’s assignments first
If you are ready to move on…
Using your outline as a guide, begin writing your 4- paragraph essay
Remember to follow all criteria: topic and sentence length
Practice with a paragraph by paragraph editing process
Practice writing your introduction last