1. Schedules of Reinforcement CH 17,18,19

2. Divers of Nassau Diving for coins Success does not follow every attempt Success means reinforcement

3. Intermittent Reinforcement A reinforcer follows the response only once in a while.

4. Continuous Reinforcement (CRF) A reinforcer follows every response. Best used for shaping or maintaining difficult behavior.

5. Shaping with Reinforcement Before: Andrew has no gum Behavior Initial: NA Intermed: Moves lips only Terminal: Says words unclearly Behavior Initial: Andrew moves lips Intermed: Andrew makes croaking sound Terminal: Says words clearly After: Andrew receives no gum After: Andrew receives gum Reinforcement Extinction

6. Schedule of Reinforcement The way reinforcement occurs because of the number of responses, time between responses, and stimulus conditions.

7. Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio –Fixed Ratio (FR) –Variable Ratio (VR) Interval –Fixed Interval (FI) –Variable Interval (VI)

8. Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule of Reinforcement A reinforcer follows a fixed number of responses.

9. FR Responding After a response is reinforced, no responding occurs for a period of time, then responding occurs at a high, steady rate until the next reinforcer is delivered.

10. Pauses Reinforcers Reinforcement always immediately follows the 5 th response!!!! This is an FR5 schedule of reinforcement.

11. Postreinforcement Pause (PRP) The name for the pause after the consumption of the reinforcer and before the next ratio of responses begins.

12. FR & PRP Length of the pause is proportional to the size of the ratio. Small ratio – pausing is short Large ratio – pausing is long

13. General Rule for establishing intermittently reinforced behavior: First use CRF and gradually increase the intermittency of reinforcement as responding stabilizes at a high rate.

14. FR120 What are the response requirements? When will reinforcement be delivered? What will the pattern of responding look like?

15. Cumulative Graph for FR Reinforcers Post reinforcement pauses

16. Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule A reinforcer follows after a variable number of responses

17. VR Responding VR schedules produce a high, constant rate of responding, with almost no postreinforcement pausing.

18. VR 50

19. Schedule notation Number designates the average number of responses required for reinforcement

20. How do typical schedules of reinforcement differ from gambling? See pages 290-291

21. Skinner Box vs. 1 Armed Bandit Typical VRGambling Schedule Many interspersed learned reinforcers NoYes Amount of reinforcer varies from ratio to ratio NoYes Small ratio NoYes Emotional reinforcers NoYes

22. Time Dependent Schedules Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Interval (VI)

23. FI Schedule of Reinforcement A reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a fixed interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement.

25. Example: Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule of Reinforcement FI 200-s 200 seconds 400 seconds 600 seconds

26. Fixed-Interval Scallop A FI schedule often produces a scallop – a gradual increase in the rate of responding with responding occurring at a high rate just before reinforcement is available. No responding occurs for some time after reinforcement (Post Reinforcement Pause.

27. Example: Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule of Reinforcement FI 200-s 200 seconds 400 seconds 600 seconds Scallop PRP

28. Lever Pressing of Mice after Training

29. Term paper vs. FI Term paper does not have a deadline.

30. FI vs. Term Paper FITerm Paper Does early responding effect anything? NoYes Do you get more if you work harder? NoYes Is the relevant response class clear? YesNo Are there calendars and clocks? NoYes Is there a deadline? NoYes Is the reinforcer too delayed? NoYes

31. Fixed Time & Superstitious Behavior Fixed time schedules of reinforcement –A reinforcer is delivered after the passage of a fixed period of time, independently of the response. Superstitious behavior –Behaving as if the response causes some specific outcome when it really does not.

32. Superstitious behavior of the pigeon: Experiment by Skinner Fixed Time Schedule

33. Variable Interval (VI) Schedule of Reinforcement A reinforcer is contingent on the first response after a variable interval of time since the last opportunity for reinforcement.

34. VI Responding VI schedules produce a moderate rate of responding with almost no postreinforcement pausing.

35. Comparing/Contrasting Ratio and Interval Schedules Pg. 305: table Pg. 305: cumulative records

36. Continuous vs. Intermittent CRF – every response is reinforced Intermittent reinforcement – only some responses produce a reinforcer.

37. Intermittent Reinforcement Makes the response more resistant to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

38. Resistance to Extinction The number of responses or the amount of time before a response extinguishes

39. Resistant to Extinction and Intermittent Reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement makes the response more resistant to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. Why? Hard for the rat to tell the difference between only an occasional reinforcement and no reinforcement CRF followed by EXT: rats quickly stop responding: easy discrimination between reinforcement & extinction contingencies

40. 4 Types of Concurrent Contingencies 1.Two compatible responses 2.Compatible contingencies for a single response 3.Incompatible contingencies for a single response 4.Two incompatible responses

41. Concurrent Contingencies Contingencies that are available at the same time. More than one contingency of reinforcement or punishment is available at the same time.

42. Concurrent Contingencies Two levers in chamber –VI 300 s on Left lever –VI 30 s on Right lever Will animal allocate more responses to the left or the right lever? Matching Law (pg. 330) % of Left lever presses = % Left-lever reinforcers

43. Matching Law Relative Frequency of responding on two concurrent schedules of reinforcement equals the relative value of reinforcement on those two schedules