3. Two Strategies Hispanic/Latino Mexican-Binational

4. Historical Evolution: Two Strategies & Two Networks A. Becoming Latino → Historic and on-going process Territorial minority post-1848 Second generation +, successive waves of immigration B. Remaining Mexican → Recurring, episodic process Each new large wave of Mexican immigrants Attitude of Mexican govt to emigrants/diaspora

5. A. Becoming Latino Early status: Territorial minority, distancing from Mexico Later status: U.S. ethnic group similar to Irish-Americans, German-Americans, Chinese Americans Goals: political and socioeconomic empowerment, national representation Issues: protecting land grants, voting rights, civil rights, desegregation, jobs, education, immigration reform Language & national identity: English, sometimes exaggerated sense of American patriotism, pan-ethnicity

7. Early status: Immigrants in Texas, California, close association with Mexico Later status: Transnational migrantes, often associated with HTAs and CC- IME Goals: Maintaining connection with Mexico - Cultural practices - Supporting Mexico - Promoting hometown development - Lobbying Mexican govt Activities/issues: Fiestas patrias, Juntas Patrióticas, 3 x 1, Voto exterior, U.S. immigration reform Language & national identity: Spanish, remaining Mexican, links to Mexican Consulates, other govt offices

9. Mexican-born

11. Legacy of conflict Immigrant tradition & political structure Longer development of Mexican American leadership Impact of recent immigration Identification with region Distance & less local identification Role of other Mexican Americans Role of other Latinos (Puerto Ricans)

12. Migrante Criticisms of Latinos Differences on Immigration Advocacy vs. Services Mexican Organizational Separatism

13. Similarities on Immigration Education Top Priority Obstacles to Mexico Relationship Mexican Government Attitude

14. Hispanic/Latino Identity Pro-Mexico Lobby Guest Worker Program National “Mexican” Organization

15. Mexican-binational strategy: transitional or here to stay? Spread of the Chicago Model?

16. Hillary & Latinos / Obama & migrantes Continued role of Mexican government Political competition and integration