1. 1 Documentary Linguistics Ulrike Mosel, Kiel University DOBES – Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen

2. 2 The aims of documentary linguistics Produce and archive documentations of endangered languages that provide primary data not only for linguistics, but also for other disciplines of the humanities and social sciences; that can be understood without prior knowledge of the documented language; that is accepted by the speech community and can be used for language maintenance and revitalisation. Develop and test new methods of researching, processing and archiving linguistic and cultural data.

3. 3 First aim of documentary linguistics: Provide primary data everything linguists like to keep in drawers and never publish audio / video recordings, fieldnotes, elicited wordlists, paradigms, clauses photographs,....

4. 4 A raw transcription of a Teop legend by a native speaker

5. 5 Second aim of documentary linguistics: useability without prior knowledge of the documented language 1.1.What kind of language? - genetic affiliation, - socio-linguistic context, - prominent, typological features. 1.2. What kind of language documentation? - circumstances of research and documentation - aims - size and content 1. Introductory information

6. 6 Recording session in the Wichita Project (U.S.A) 2003

7. 7 Recording of Reginaldo of the Aweti in Brasilia by Sabine Reiter Recording session in the Aweti project in Brasil

8. 8 Metadata descriptions of recording sessions 1. Provide information on the language or languages and the context of the recording 2. Facilitate the accessibility of the corpus in an electronic archive from all over the world via the internet. Who did the recording? Who was/were the speaker/speakers? Who else was present? Where? When? Discourse type - Monologue, interview, casual conversation? Topic

9. 9 audio or video recordings plus (a) transcriptions, (b) translations, (c) comments on content and linguistic form (a) transcriptions: - a small subcorpus in IPA - most of the corpus in a practical orthography accepted by the speakers Annotations

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11. 11 (b) Translations Which target language? OR languages? 1) a major European language for international academic purposes 2) the national language 3) the regional lingua franca what kind of translation? 1) free translation 2) literal translation 3) interlinear morphemic translation

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13. 13 [TEOP]Mutanae komanae hata komana vai. [free transl.]'Her husband became suspicious.' [TEOP] muta- na- e koma-na- e husband-POSS-3SG inside-POSS-3SG hata komana vai bad EMPH now [lit. transl.] 'husband of her, inside of his very bad now.' POSS = possessive marker EMPH = emphatic particle No gender? > sketch grammar Grammatical information What else goes into the sketch grammar?

14. 14 Sketch grammar - brief description of phonetics and phonology, - list of word classes and grammatical categories - paradigms - basic information on types of phrases and type of clauses

15. 15 Footnote: emotions are expressed by ‘inside’ plus adjective lit.'Her husband, his inside (became) bad.' = 'Her husband became suspicious.' 'inside good' = 'generous' 'inside calm' = 'patient' Lexical information Electronic lexical database (Toolbox): koma ‘inside’ Semantic domain: emotion

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17. SKETCH GRAMMAR phonology, orthogaphy  parts of speech  grammatical categories  examples with references  typological profile  APPARATUS  index of gram. terms  abbreviations  keywords LEXICAL DATABASE  head word  part of speech  definition  collocations, idioms  examples with references ANNOTATED CORPUS OF RECORDINGS audio/video recordings  transcriptions  translations  glossing  comments on form & content  (keywods) Components of a language documentation

18. 18 Generally accepted linguistic conventions and shared practices contribute to userfriendliness Do we need norms and standards in language documentation ? Long-term preservation of the documentations in digital archives requires continuous updating to new storage formats BUT there is no "one-size-fits-all" language documentation format Rules of conduct that respect the intellectual property rights and the cultural norms of indigenous people YES, we do!

19. 19 Keep norms of form and content of language documentations at a minimum: - diverse languages and cultures - diverse linguistic and philological traditions - sustainable theories and methods in the new field of documentary linguistics can only evolve in a non-restrictive atmosphere. - diverse resources in terms of time, money, man power - diverse expectations of the speech communities and capacities

20. 20 Choose a form of presentation that guarantees sustainability and is suitable for the various kinds of prospective users have all data in electronic form store them in an archive that guarantees transfer to future formats But remember: Not all prospective users will be linguists. Have most data in a userfriendly format Not all propesctive users have electricity and computers. Have print outs!

21. 21 Third aim of documentary linguistics: produce and archive a language documentation that is accepted by the speech community and can be used for language maintenance and revitalisation. Teop children reading a preliminary draft of the legends book

22. 22 LinguistsSpeech community kind of language spontaneous language; great variety of genres and registers planned language; selected important genres contentgreatest possible varietysuitable for educational purposes format media audio and video recordings with transcription and translation written texts >> new genres orthographybased on linguistic principles (phonological) Orthography similar to that of the dominant language lexiconelectronic lexical databaseencyclopedic dictionary on paper The linguists' and the speech community's documentation

23. 23 Cooperative fieldwork > active participation in the language documentation project  training, capacity building, empowerment  respect the community’s expectations with respect to the format the selection of genres the content the format and media

24. 24 Shalom Magum (18) has recorded her little brother and now he is listening to his own voice (2005)

25. 25 four years later:

26. 26 Teop Legends ELAN versions PDF versions community edition on paper without translation recording of reading + ELAN version + PDF version

27. Format and amount of grammatical information should not impede the user's pleasure of reading.

28. Fish- dictionary on paper

29. 29 A note on fieldmethods 1. Elicitation of words 2. Elicitation of sentences 3. Collection of texts Elicitation for supplemetary information - understanding and translating the texts - filling gaps in the grammat - filling gaps in the dictionary > Elicitation techniques

30. 30 Problems with translational elicitation 1.(mis)understanding of contact language expressions 2. translatability of contact language expressions 3. interference from the contact language

31. 31 Non-translational elicitation 1.word-to-text method 2.substitution 3.paraphrasing

32. 32 Elicitation of words by translating Swadesh-ListeKibriks Liste all and animal ashes at back break cut open close animal? at ? back? break intr./ tr.? cut?

33. 33 kaporocut with scissors kopaacut open kosicut leaves (off a tree), trim (a tree) kurusucut s.th. long and thin (a string) peecut into (flesh) rapisicut with a bush knife (grass) rom cut (the log of a tree), cut into pieces Teop 'cut' kopaa 'cut‘rom ‘cut s.th. long into pieces

34. 34 Swadesh-ListeKibriks Liste all and animal ashes at back break cut open close

35. 35 kaakoo tatasu tapeako nahu kuhi overe Themes: food, food preparation, eating, drinking otei moon

36. 36 Grammar: the word-to-text technique otei'man' moon'woman' overe'coconut' tapeako 'manioc' nahu'pot' kopaa'cut open' kuhi 'scrape' tatasu'beat' A otei nakopaa nana bona overe. ? man ? cut.open ? ? coconut Back-translate: Teop > English: ‘The man is cutting the coconut.’

37. 37 Substitution and manipilation: The man is cutting the coconut. The woman is cutting the coconut The men are cutting the coconuts. Add: ‘yesterday’ Yesterday the man cut the coconut. What would you say, if he did not? etc.

38. 38 Documentary linguistics will revolutionise linguistics because language documentations provide natural data in their context allow others to scrutinize the researcher's analysis provide data for future research on questions that have not been asked at the time of documenting the language (linguistic theories heavily rely on grammars that decsribe invented isolated clauses) (in most grammars and other linguistic publications the sources of examples are not identified and made accessible to others) (Whalen 2004) Impact of documentary linguistics on general linguistics

39. 39 The global perspective International cooperation with respect the development of technical standards rules of conduct legal issues (intellectual property rights) Summerschools, training courses, workshops, conferences International cooperation in language documentation projects (share experiences, hire specialists on short term contracts) Close cooperation with the speech communities Capacity building

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