1. Music therapy as a clinical intervention for mental disorders: State of the evidence Christian Gold, PhD GAMUT, Uni Research Health Bergen, Norway

2. Overview Some initial thoughts/ideas Mental health Music therapy Evidence Review of existing evidence Gaps in the evidence Outside the scope The future

3. What is mental health (and why is it so hard to investigate)?

7. Borsboom & Cramer 2013 Annu Rev Clin Psychol; Borsboom et al. 2011 PLOS ONE

8. What is music therapy (and why is it so hard to investigate)? Video “Joel” Wigram 2010 Aalborg University

9. What is music therapy (and why is it so hard to investigate)? a “complex intervention” music experiences + relationships “that develop through them” “what music?” – the wrong question Campbell et al. 2000 BMJ Bruscia 1998, 2014 Defining music therapy

10. What is trustworthy evidence?

12. Campbell et al. 2000 BMJ

13. What is trustworthy evidence? Campbell et al. 2000 BMJ

14. What is trustworthy evidence?

15. “PICO”: Participants Interventions Comparisons Outcomes plus setting, context,... internal vs. external validity

16. What is trustworthy evidence? Thorpe et al. 2009 J Clin Epidemiol

17. Evidence for MT: Depression Maratos et al. 2008 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

18. Evidence for MT: Depression Maratos et al. 2008 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

19. Evidence for MT: Depression Erkkilä et al. 2011 BJPsych

20. Evidence for MT: Depression Erkkilä et al. 2011 BJPsych

21. Evidence for MT: Depression Werner et al. 2015 Aging Ment Health

22. Evidence for MT: Schizophrenia Mössler et al. 2011 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

23. Evidence for MT: Schizophrenia Mössler et al. 2011 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

24. Evidence for MT: Autism spectrum Geretsegger et al. 2014 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

25. Evidence for MT: Autism spectrum Geretsegger et al. 2014 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

26. Evidence for MT: Dementia Vink et al. 2014 Cochrane Db Syst Rev

27. Evidence for MT: Dementia Ridder et al. 2013 Aging Ment Health

28. Evidence for MT: Mixed MH problems Gold et al. 2009 Clin Psychol Rev

29. Evidence for MT: Mixed MH problems Gold et al. 2009 Clin Psychol Rev

30. Evidence for MT: Mixed MH problems Gold et al. 2013 Psychother Psychosom

31. Evidence for MT: Mixed MH problems Chen et al. 2015 IJOTCC

32. The gap: What RCTs leave out

33. Observational studies Gold et al. 2007 PAPTRAP

34. Observational studies Mössler et al. 2007 Arts Psychother

35. Qualitative research Rolvsjord 2015 Nord J Music Ther

36. Qualitative research Solli 2015 Nord J Music Ther

37. Neuroscience Blood & Zatorre 2001 PNAS

38. Neuroscience Lai et al. 2012 Brain

39. Outside the scope Hole et al. 2015 Lancet

40. Outside the scope Coulton et al. 2015 BJPsych

41. The future?

42. Thank you! christian.gold@uni.no Acknowledgements: