1. Nuclear Chemistry

2. Parts of the atom ParticleCharge Mass (g) Mass (amu) Proton+1 1.672 x 10 -24 1 Neutron0 1.675 x 10 -24 1 Electron 9.110x10 -28 1/1839

3. Parts of the atom

4. Nuclear chemistry Most chemical changes deals with the electron Most chemical changes deals with the electron Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus, often accompanied by a release of a large amount of energy Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus, often accompanied by a release of a large amount of energy

5. Radiation Radiation is energy in transit in the form of high speed particles and electromagnetic waves Radiation is energy in transit in the form of high speed particles and electromagnetic waves Radiation cannot be tasted, felt, or smelt, but has the potential to do a great deal of damage Radiation cannot be tasted, felt, or smelt, but has the potential to do a great deal of damage There are 4 particles or waves of radiation we will learn about There are 4 particles or waves of radiation we will learn about Alpha Alpha Beta Beta Gamma Gamma Neutron Neutron

6. Alpha particle Symbol: 2 4 He or  Symbol: 2 4 He or  It is composed of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, has a mass of 4 amus and a charge of 2 + It is composed of 2 protons, 2 neutrons, has a mass of 4 amus and a charge of 2 + Low energy Low energy

7. Beta particle Symbol: -1 0 e or  Symbol: -1 0 e or  A high energy electron A high energy electron Charge -1 Charge -1

8. Gamma rays Gamma rays unlike the  or  particle is not a particle, instead a ray similar to an x-ray Gamma rays unlike the  or  particle is not a particle, instead a ray similar to an x-ray Symbol:  Symbol:  It is a ray it has no mass or charge It is a ray it has no mass or charge Very high energy Very high energy

9. Neutron Symbol: 0 1 n Symbol: 0 1 n It has a mass of one, no protons, and no charge It has a mass of one, no protons, and no charge

10. Types of nuclear radiation Radiation Type of RadiationMass(AMU)Charge Shielding material Alpha Particle42 Paper, skin, clothes Beta Particle1/1836±1 Plastic, glass, light metals Gamma Electromag -netic Wave 00 Dense metal, concrete, Earth Neutrons Particle10 Water, concrete

11. From: http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/properties.htm

12. Review: Atomic number and mass number Atomic number = number of protons = symbol. Atomic number = number of protons = symbol. Atoms are electronically neutral. Atoms are electronically neutral. Number of electrons = number of protons Number of electrons = number of protons Mass number = # protons + # neutrons Mass number = # protons + # neutrons ElementProtonsElectronNeutrons H O S Cl Rn

13. A +/-q Z X X=symbol Z=atomic number (# of protons) A=mass number (# of protons + # neutrons) q= charge (+=electrons<protons, -=electrons>protons) Atomic number and mass number How would we write H in this form?

14. Isotopes Isotopes Isotopes

15. Isotopes Isotopes-atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have different number of neutrons Isotopes-atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have different number of neutrons 24 12 Mg 25 12 Mg 26 12 Mg

16. Radioactive decay (natural) Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks down by emitting radiation (naturally occurring) Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks down by emitting radiation (naturally occurring) 92 238 U → 90 234 Th + Which of the radioactive particles? Radioactive nucleus New nucleus radiation ( , , or  ) → +

17. Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks down by emitting radiation (naturally occurring) Radioactive decay-when a nucleus breaks down by emitting radiation (naturally occurring) Radioactive nucleus New nucleus radiation ( , , or  ) → + 92 238 U → 90 234 Th + 2 4 He Radioactive decay (natural)

19. Radioactive decay  and  : practice 95 241 Am → ? + 2 4 He 95 241 Am → ? + 2 4 He ? → 7 14 N + -1 0 e ? → 7 14 N + -1 0 e ? → 16 32 S + -1 0 e ? → 16 32 S + -1 0 e 27 60 Co → 28 60 Ni +? 27 60 Co → 28 60 Ni +? 88 226 Ra → 86 222 Rn + ? 88 226 Ra → 86 222 Rn + ? ? → 84 218 Po + 2 4 He ? → 84 218 Po + 2 4 He 26 59 Fe → 27 59 Co + ? 26 59 Fe → 27 59 Co + ?

20. Radioactive decay  and  : practice 95 241 Am → 93 237 Np + 2 4 He 95 241 Am → 93 237 Np + 2 4 He 6 14 C → 7 14 N + -1 0 e 6 14 C → 7 14 N + -1 0 e 15 32 P → 16 32 S + -1 0 e 15 32 P → 16 32 S + -1 0 e 27 60 Co → 28 60 Ni + -1 0 e 27 60 Co → 28 60 Ni + -1 0 e 88 226 Ra → 86 222 Rn + 2 4 He 88 226 Ra → 86 222 Rn + 2 4 He 86 222 Rn → 84 218 Po + 2 4 He 86 222 Rn → 84 218 Po + 2 4 He 26 59 Fe → 27 59 Co + -1 0 e 26 59 Fe → 27 59 Co + -1 0 e

21. Gamma decay There are very few pure gamma emitters, although gamma radiation accompanies most  and  decay There are very few pure gamma emitters, although gamma radiation accompanies most  and  decay In radiology one of the most commonly used gamma emitters is Tc In radiology one of the most commonly used gamma emitters is Tc 43 99m Tc → 43 99 Tc +  43 99m Tc → 43 99 Tc +  A gamma decay will have no change in the atomic number or atomic mass A gamma decay will have no change in the atomic number or atomic mass

22. Bombardment Reaction Bombardment reaction-bombarding 2 stable atoms together, creating a radioisotope Bombardment reaction-bombarding 2 stable atoms together, creating a radioisotope All of the known elements whose atomic number is greater than 92 were created from bombardment reactions All of the known elements whose atomic number is greater than 92 were created from bombardment reactions

23. Bombardment reactions: practice 98 249 Cf + ? → 105 263 Db + 0 1 n 98 249 Cf + ? → 105 263 Db + 0 1 n 28 58 Ni + 1 1 H → ? + 2 4 He 28 58 Ni + 1 1 H → ? + 2 4 He 27 59 Co + ? → 25 56 Mn + 2 4 He 27 59 Co + ? → 25 56 Mn + 2 4 He 7 14 N + 2 4 He → 8 17 O + ? 7 14 N + 2 4 He → 8 17 O + ?

24. Bombardment reactions: practice 98 249 Cf + 7 15 N → 105 263 Db + 0 1 n 98 249 Cf + 7 15 N → 105 263 Db + 0 1 n 28 58 Ni + 1 1 H → 27 55 Co + 2 4 He 28 58 Ni + 1 1 H → 27 55 Co + 2 4 He 27 59 Co + 0 1 n → 25 56 Mn + 2 4 He 27 59 Co + 0 1 n → 25 56 Mn + 2 4 He 7 14 N + 2 4 He → 8 17 O + 1 1 H 7 14 N + 2 4 He → 8 17 O + 1 1 H