1. Thermodynamics

2. Temperature  How hot or cold something feels compared to a standard  Typically water is our standard  Function of kinetic energy  Related to the random motions of molecules

3. Temperature Scales  Celsius  water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 degrees  Fahrenheit  water freezes at 32 and boils at 212 degrees  Kelvin  zero is absolute zero (-273 degrees C)

5. Heat  Energy that transfers from one object to another due to a temperature difference  Moves from a body of higher heat energy to a body of lower heat energy  Flows according to temperature, hot  cold  Energy will flow between objects in thermal contact until their temperatures reach thermal equillibrium

6. Specific Heat Capacity  Different substances absorb energy in different ways  Some of the energy absorbed increases the translational speed of molecules, which in turn produces heat  Some of the energy absorbed might increase the rotation of molecules, or stretch the intermolecular bonds; these types of energy do not produce heat

7. Specific Heat Capacity  How energy is absorbed by a substance will determine its heat capacity (i.e. Iron and Water)  The specific heat capacity of any substance = the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius

8. Thermal Expansion  With few exceptions all forms of matter expand when heated and contract when cooled  Expansion of materials due to temperature must be allowed for in the construction of structures like roads, bridges, engines, dental fillings, etc.  Different materials expand at different rates  bimetallic strip

9. Transmission of Heat  Conduction – heat transferred between materials in direct contact   Conductors – materials that transfer heat energy well - elements with loosest outer electrons are best - silver, copper best followed by aluminum then iron

10. Transmission of Heat   Insulators – materials which delay the transfer of heat energy - compounds with trapped air spaces - liquids and gases

11. Transmission of Heat  Convection – heating that occurs through currents in a liquid or a gas   used to heat and cool homes and buildings   provides the engine which produces wind

12. Transmission of Heat  Radiation – heat transmitted through electromagnetic waves   radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays longest  shortest wavelengths  Lower temperatures emit longer waves  Higher temperatures emit shorter waves

13. Transmission of Heat  Radiant Energy – any energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves (radiation)   As an object gets hotter, some of its radiant energy is given off as visible light  Absorption – opposite of reflection  good absorbers reflect very little radiant energy  good reflectors are poor absorbers  good absorbers are good emitters

14. Newton’s Law of Cooling  The rate of cooling of an object is approximately proportional to the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.

15. The Greenhouse Effect  Terrestrial Radiation – long wave radiation emitted by earth into outer space  Solar Radiation – short wave radiation emitted by the sun  The greenhouse effect is a result of the atmosphere’s inability to release our terrestrial radiation