1. Comparison of time- distance and holography Junwei Zhao and Alexander G. Kosovichev W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4085

2. Outline Definitions Inclined magnetic field effect Showerglass effect Double-skip experiment Conclusions

6. Inclined Magnetic Field Effect This figure shows the location of the studied sunspot on three different dates. Magnetic field line inclination angles are different when the sunspot is at different location on the solar disk. We measure wave travel times (or phase shifts) inside sunspot penumbra when it is at the different locations of the solar disk, in order to see whether the projection of magnetic field has any significant effects for these measurements. June 3, 2000 June 7, 2000 June 10, 2000

9. Measurements from time-distance helioseismology Mean acoustic travel times in the penumbra of sunspot in AR9026, plotted as functions of the azimuthal angle for three different observation dates. Vertical lines in (a), (b) and (c) indicate the azimuthal angle of the solar disk center. The horizontal line at the mean travel time of 12.16 minute is an average acoustic travel time obtained from a quiet Sun region.

10. Sound-speed maps from time-distance inversions

16. Time-Distance Measurements and Showerglass Effect Outgoing and ingoing travel times (relative to the quiet Sun) as functions of magnetic field strength. The left panel shows results obtained with an annulus range of 3.7-8.7 Mm, and the right panel shows measurements with an annulus range of 14.5-19.5 Mm. Note the different vertical scale in the two panels, and especially, it is negative upward in the right panel.

17. Comparison of Holography and Time-Distance on Showerglass Effect For Dopplergrams, both holography and time-distance show that outgoing and ingoing travel times increase with magnetic field strength, and that outgoing travel times increase faster than the ingoing travel times when magnetic field strength is high. However, one big difference between holography and time- distance is that, acoustic travel time variations can be as large as 1.5 minutes with high magnetic field from holography, but for time-distance, it is only about 0.4 minutes on average.

18. The double-skip experiment

20. Comparison of travel time measurements from different measurement schemes a) traditional first-skip center-annulus cross-correlations, b) second-skip annulus-annulus cross-correlations and c) second-skip annulus-annulus cross-correlations after the signals inside sunspot's region are zeroed out

21. The double-skip experiment for TD  2 =2 

22. Summary Recent observations of helioseismic holography have revealed that magnetic fields that are inclined relative to the line-of-sight direction could cause systematic variations in measured acoustic phase shifts, and that the presence of surface magnetic field could cause additional phase shifts in acoustic waves, thus complicating the measurements and inversions of acoustic wave propagation time through the solar interior. These two observational effects are known as ``inclined magnetic field effect'' and ``showerglass effect'', respectively. We have examined how these two effects affect time-distance helioseismology measurements in magnetic regions. It is confirmed that the inclined magnetic field could cause variations in time-distance measured acoustic travel times inside sunspot penumbra as well, however, inversions of the measured times for the wave propagation show that this effect only slightly shifts the location of negative sound-speed variations near the solar surface, but basically does not change the inverted deeper interior structures. Further measurements by use of continuum intensitygrams and line-depth data from MDI) illustrate that the inclined magnetic field does not cause any systematic travel time variations in these observations. Regarding to the showerglass effect, we find that outgoing and ingoing travel time perturbations through sunspots from time-distance measurements are significantly smaller than those measured from helioseismic holography. Moreover, our second-skip cross-correlation experiments demonstrate that inside sunspots, the half of the double-skip travel times are very similar to the mean single- skip travel times, indicating that acoustic signals observed inside sunspots do not introduce detectable phase errors after applying a proper phase-speed filtering. We finally conclude that the surface magnetism effects do not cause considerable systematic errors in time-distance helioseismology of active regions.

23. Theoretical modeling (E.Khomenko, IAC)