1. Chapter Thirteen Policing Trends and Issues

2. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 2 Contemporary Trends Labor relations Broad term that includes officers’ employment rights and the related concept of unionization and collective bargaining Police officers’ rights Peace Officer Bill of Rights

3. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 3 Contemporary Trends Common provisions 1. Written notice 2. Right of representation 3. Polygraph examination Grievances Unionization Collective bargaining

4. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 4 Contemporary Trends Three models of collective bargaining 1. Binding arbitration Used in 25 states 2. Meet and confer Used in 3 states Grants few rights to public employees

5. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 5 Contemporary Trends 3. Bargaining not required Used in 22 states Impasse resolution 1. Mediation 2. Fact-finding 3. Arbitration

6. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 6 Contemporary Trends Job actions 1. Vote of confidence 2. Work slowdown 3. Work speedup 4. Work stoppage Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

7. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 7 Contemporary Trends Garcia v. San Antonio Transit Authority (1985) Brought local employees under the coverage of the FLSA Key challenges for women Women now represent 11.3% of sworn personnel in municipal police agencies and 12.9% of sworn personnel in county sheriff’s offices

8. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 8 Contemporary Trends 6.8% in state agencies 16.1% in federal agencies Underrepresented in leadership ranks Recent survey identified 157 women serving as chiefs and 25 who were sheriffs

9. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 9 Contemporary Trends Key issues 1. Recruitment 2. Preemployment physical testing 3. Academy training 4. Field training 5. Assignments 6. Promotion

10. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 10 Contemporary Trends 7. Sexual discrimination and harassment 8. Mentoring 9. Career and family Challenges for minorities 23.6% of sworn full-time municipal officers 18.8% of sworn personnel in sheriff’s offices

11. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 11 Contemporary Trends Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) NOBLE – National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives Double marginality African-American officers feel accepted neither by their own minority group nor by white officers

12. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 12 Contemporary Trends NOBLE purposes 1. To unify black law enforcement officers at executive and command levels 2. To conduct research in relevant areas of law enforcement 3. To recommend legislation relating to the criminal justice process

13. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 13 Contemporary Trends 4. To establish means and strategies for dealing with racism in the field of criminal justice 5. To sensitize people to the problems of the black community 6. To facilitate the exchange of information among black executives 7. To articulate the concerns of black executives in law enforcement

14. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 14 Contemporary Trends Private police Those that provide protective service for profit Pinkerton Proprietary services In-house security services, directly hired and controlled by the company

15. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 15 Contemporary Trends Contract services Those outside firms or individuals who are hired by the individual or company to provide security services for a fee Most common security services Contract guards, alarm services, private investigators, armored-car services

16. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 16 Contemporary Trends Security training has been an issue in court cases involving claims of negligent security Should private police be armed? Public police hired to perform private- security work

17. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 17 Contemporary Trends Models used to manage off-duty employment of officers 1. Department contract model 2. Officer contract model 3. Union brokerage model San Francisco’s Patrol Special Police

18. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 18 Contemporary Issues Stress Several potential sources of stress 1. Stressors originating within the organization Poor supervision, absence of career development opportunities, inadequate reward systems, offensive policies, offensive paperwork, poor equipment

19. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 19 Contemporary Issues 2. Stressors external to the organization Jurisdictional isolationism, seemingly ineffective corrections system, the courts, distorted press accounts of police incidents, unfavorable civilian attitudes, derogatory remarks by neighbors and others, adverse government actions

20. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 20 Contemporary Issues 3. Stressors connected with the performance of duties Police work itself, role conflict, adverse work scheduling, fear and danger, sense of uselessness and inefficiency of referral agencies, absence of closure, people in pain

21. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 21 Contemporary Issues 4. Stressors particular to the individual officer The fear-ridden officer, the nonconformist officer, the minority officer 5. Effects of critical incidents Estimated that at any one time 15% of a department’s officers will be in a burnout phase

22. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 22 Contemporary Issues The blue plague of American policing Cops kill themselves three times more often than other Americans As many as one in four officers have alcohol abuse problems 8 times more likely to commit suicide than to be killed in a homicide

23. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 23 Contemporary Issues The most common and debilitating source of stress in law enforcement comes from within the agency itself Cops rate personal stress management as their most pressing need Solutions begin with awareness and education

24. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 24 Contemporary Issues Higher education Today a relatively small proportion of officers have a college degree Of all local agencies, only 8% require officers to have some college, 9% require a two-year college degree, and only 1% require a four-year degree

25. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 25 Contemporary Issues Efforts to involve college-educated personnel in police work were first made by August Vollmer in 1917 Comments made by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice in 1967 and by the ABA in 1972 indicating a need for education

26. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 26 Contemporary Issues College-educated officers are more professional, communicate better with citizens, are better decision makers, and have better written and verbal skills than less educated officers 1985 lawsuit challenging educational requirements Supreme Court upheld the Dallas requirements

27. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 27 Contemporary Issues In local policing, more than 80% of all agencies require only a GED or high school diploma This questions professionalism of policing Abundant empirical evidence indicates the benefits of having a college education Those against requiring a college degree state that it will hurt minority recruits

28. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 28 Contemporary Issues Arlington, Texas, Police Department has required a bachelor’s degree since about 1983 Dover Township, New Jersey has required a bachelor’s degree since 1994 Lakewood, Colorado, Police Department has required a bachelor’s degree since 1970 and many have graduate degrees

29. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 29 Contemporary Issues Tulsa, Oklahoma, Police Department, required a bachelor’s degree in 1996 Redlands, California, requires 60 credit hours, but most have a bachelor’s degree Some studies have found negative effects Officers are more likely to become frustrated with the job and leave early

30. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 30 Contemporary Issues Homelessness Problem since the early 1980s About one-third of adult homeless are chronically mentally ill About one-half are alcoholics or abuse drugs Poverty, declining supply of low-income housing, lack of available public housing

31. Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved. 31 Contemporary Issues What can be done? Transitional housing and support services Appropriating adequate funds to social services Police are caught in the middle Under COPPS, allow police to manage significant social problems while making efficient use of police resources