1. Mitosis animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdyBN_s&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WwIKdyBN_s&feature=related

2.  Influenced by  Function (ex/eggs), Surface Area, Volume, and Mass

3.  Must be large enough to have enough DNA for cell to function  Can not be too large- metabolic processes need to be to occur  Surface area to volume ratio decreases Everything passes through plasma membrane!

4.  The cell cycle consists of  Interphase – normal cell activity  The mitotic phase – cell divsion INTERPHASE Growth G 1 (DNA synthesis) Growth G 2 Cell Divsion

5. 20 µm 100 µm 200 µm (a) Reproduction. An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, is dividing into two cells. Each new cell will be an individual organism (LM). (b) Growth and development. This micrograph shows a sand dollar embryo shortly after the fertilized egg divided, forming two cells (LM). (c) Tissue renewal. These dividing bone marrow cells (arrow) will give rise to new blood cells (LM).

6.  Interphase  G 1 - primary growth  S - genome replicated  G 2 - secondary growth  M - mitosis  C - cytokinesis

7.  G 1 - Cells undergo majority of growth  S - Each chromosome replicates (Synthesizes) to produce sister chromatids  Attached at centromere  Contains attachment site (kinetochore)  G 2 - Chromosomes condense - Assemble machinery for division such as centrioles

8.  Some haploid & diploid cells divide by mitosis.  Each new cell receives one copy of every chromosome that was present in the original cell.  Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically identical to the original cell. DNA duplication during interphase Mitosis Diploid Cell

10.  If a cell wants to make a duplicate of itself, it first must copy its DNA (part of a chromosome).  Why is this important? So every cell has the correct amount of DNA!  ASEXUAL RPRODUCTION!  Reproduction from a single parent  Inherit genes of that parent only – CLONING!!  Ex/ bacteria

11.  MITosis takes the cell and Makes It Two (diploid)  From the cell’s point of view:  mITosis results in Identical Twins Clyde Freeman Herreid – Dept. of Biological Sciences: Buffalo State Univ. of New York

12. MAJOR EVENTS IN MITOSIS

13.  Mitosis animations: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

14. VOCABULARY  Chromosome  Chromosome = Carries genes (DNA) from 1 cell to another during cell division. Contain DNA from both parents  Humans have 46 Chromosomes!  23 sex chromosomes ( Just ½ the #)

15. Diploid Diploid = Two copies of each chromosome, one paternal, one maternal Haploid: Haploid: 1 copy of each chromosome (sex cells: must combine with other sex cells)

16. DNA is replicated along with organelles and other cellular components and the cell prepares for division. DNA is replicated so the daughter cells have the correct number of chromosomes

17. THE CELL CYCLE: INTERPHASE 3 stages Series of events that take place as they grow and divide

18. Animal cellPlant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Longest Phase

19. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm The DNA recoils, and the chromosomes condense (visible); the nuclear membrane disappears, and the mitotic spindles begin to form.

20. Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm Animal cell Plant cell

21. The chromosomes line up the middle of the cell with the help of spindle fibers attached to the centromere of each replicated chromosome. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm

22. Animal cellPlant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

23. The chromosomes split in the middle and the sister chromatids are pulled by the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell. Identical sets of chromosomes

24. Animal cell Plant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

25. The chromosomes, along with the cytoplasm and its organelles and membranes are divided into 2 portions. This diagram shows the end of telophase. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm

26. Animal cellPlant cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

27. The actual splitting of the daughter cells into two separate cells is called cytokinesis -Occurs differently in both plant and animal Cells. http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm

28.  2 diploid cells  (start with diploid, end with diploid!)  Genetically identical cells (clones)  In somatic cells, NOT gametes  Only 1 division occurred

29. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis IPMATC I Play Music At The Curb Julie Camp’s mitosis power point - http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classbio.html#Anchor-mitosis

30.  Meiosis animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0&NR=1  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYKesI9jL8c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYKesI9jL8c

31.  Diploid  Haploid  Germ cell (gametes)  Somatic cell  Interphase  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  Cytokinesis

32. MEIOSIS Fusion of two gametes, sex cells, (1 form each parent) to produce a single zygote. Sexual reproduction: Introduces greater genetic variation

33. Same as in Mitosis: -Cell cycle -G1, S, G2 stages http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

34. -Chromosomes are visible, -Nuclear envelope disappears. -Centrioles begin to form spindle fibers (same as mitosis) DIFFERENCE: **Exchange of DNA occurs- “crossing over”. Chromosomes double** LONGEST PHASE!!!

35.  When DNA is exchanged it contributes to genetic variation.  Crossing over occurs in different locations in each cell

36. -Nuclear membrane dissolves -The homologous chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers. -Lined up in center *Mitosis difference  http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

37. The chromosomes (not chromatids) separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. -Mitosis difference  http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

38. The cell begins to divide into two daughter diploid cells. **Each daughter cell can get any combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes. Mitosis difference  http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

39.  No new chromosome replication occurs in Meiosis II  2 diploid cells (from meiosis 1) divide again  **No Interphase II

40. The cell has divided into two daughter cells. Prophase II is identical to prophase of mitosis except that there is half the amount of chromosomes- nuclear membrane dissolves http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

41. As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes line up on the spindle fibers. http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

42. The two cells each begin to divide. As in Meiosis I, the chromosomes move to opposite ends of each cell. http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

43. As in Mitosis, the cells divide. *4 haploid cells are made! http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html

44.  Diploid to haploid cells  4 haploid cells are made  Gametes (sex cells)  Genetically different cells, unique!  Sex cells have 23 chromosomes